A Preliminary Study on the Beneficiation and Recovery of Valuable Metals from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash

In this study, a MSWI bottom ash sample was assessed to evaluate the feasibility of various physical beneficiation processes in concentrating valuable elements prior to chemical leaching. The raw sample was initially assayed to determine the content and economic value of various metals present in the material. The potential recoverable value (PRV) of the sample was calculated, and the result showed that the total PRV of the sample was 483 $/ton, with Ti, Sc, Fe, Cu, and Zn being the most valuable metals. Next, various physical separation processes, including size fractionation, froth flotation, magnetic separation, and gravity separation, were conducted to determine the extent to which the valuable elements can be concentrated. The results were compiled into an element-by-beneficiation enrichment ratio (er) matrix that was used to develop suitable beneficiation flowsheets for further consideration. The result clearly show delineation of four products, including a Fe-rich product that can be isolated by magnetic separation (er = 5.0), a Cu/Zn-rich product that can be isolated by flotation (er = 5.3 to 9.4), a Sc-rich product that can be isolated by gravity separation (er = 0.6), and a Ti–rich product that is produced in the residue. Lastly, the leachability of valuable elements from the bottom ash sample was determined by acid leaching tests. The results indicated that it is viable to employ hydrometallurgical methods to recover and purify the valuable metals. This work provides a reference for the recovery of valuable metals from MSWI bottom ash from both the technical and economic aspects.