Abstract
Background and Aims: To determine whether transdiagnostic risk, represented as elevations in one high-risk personality trait, interacts with behavior-specific risk, represented as elevated expectancies for reinforcement from either drinking or smoking, to account partly for early adolescent drinking and smoking behavior. Design: Multiple regression analysis. Setting: Twenty-three public schools in two school systems in the United States. Participants: A sample of 1897 adolescents tested in the spring of 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th grades. Measurements: Transdiagnostic risk was measured as negative urgency, the tendency to act rashly when distressed, using the UPPS-P child version. Drinking-specific and smoking-specific risk were measured as expectancies for reinforcement from drinking and smoking, using the Memory Model-Based Expectancy Questionnaire (alcohol) and the Adolescent Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (smoking). Findings: There was consistent concurrent prediction from the interactions of (a) negative urgency and alcohol reinforcement expectancies to early adolescent drinking and (b) negative urgency and smoking reinforcement expectancies to early adolescent smoking, above and beyond prediction from the main effects of those variables. In each case, expectancies were more predictive at higher levels of negative urgency. Incremental R2 values for main effects ranged from 0.07 to 0.26, and for interactions ranged from 0.01 to 0.03. Prospectively, the main effects predicted subsequent behavior but the interaction effects did not, except in one case. Conclusions: Among elementary and high school students in the United States, the joint effects of negative urgency and behavior-specific expectancies help to explain drinking and smoking behavior. Joint elevations on the trait and the learning variable account for drinking and smoking behavior beyond the main effects of each predictor. However, there is reason to doubt whether the joint effects predict subsequent increases in drinking and smoking beyond the main effects of those variables.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 1283-1294 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Journal | Addiction |
Volume | 114 |
Issue number | 7 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jul 2019 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The authors gratefully acknowledge research support from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism under award number R01 AA016166 to G.S. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Society for the Study of Addiction
Keywords
- Adolescence
- drinking
- expectancies
- risk
- smoking
- urgency
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine (miscellaneous)
- Psychiatry and Mental health