Autonomic dysreflexia in urological practice: pathophysiology, prevention and treatment considerations

Purpose: Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to sensorimotor impairments; however, it can also be complicated by significant autonomic dysfunction, including cardiovascular and lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunctions. Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a dangerous cardiovascular complication of SCI often overlooked by healthcare professionals. AD is characterized by a sudden increase in blood pressure (BP) that can result in severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. In this review, we provide an overview on the clinical manifestations, risk factors, underlying mechanisms, and current approaches in prevention and management of AD. Methods: After conducting a literature research, we summarized relevant information regarding the clinical and pathophysiological aspects in the context of urological clinical practice Conclusions: The most common triggers of AD are those arising from LUT, such as bladder distention and urinary tract infections. Furthermore, AD is commonly observed in individuals with SCI during urological procedures, including catheterization, cystoscopy and urodynamics. Although significant progress in the clinical assessment of AD has been made in recent decades, effective approaches for its prevention and treatment are currently lacking.