Availability of low-fat milk and produce in small and mid-sized grocery stores after 2014 WIC Final Rule Changes, Tennessee

David Schlundt; Chiquita Briley; Barbara Canada; Jessica L. Jones; Baqar A. Husaini; Janice S. Emerson; Pamela C. Hull

doi:10.5888/pcd14.170008

Availability of low-fat milk and produce in small and mid-sized grocery stores after 2014 WIC Final Rule Changes, Tennessee

David Schlundt, Chiquita Briley, Barbara Canada, Jessica L. Jones, Baqar A. Husaini, Janice S. Emerson, Pamela C. Hull

Behavioral Science

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Introduction The 2007 Interim Rule mandated changes to food packages in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) for implementation by 2009. The 2014 Final Rule required additional changes, including increasing the cash value voucher for fruits and vegetables from $6 to $8 for children by June 2014, and allowing only low-fat (1%) or nonfat milk for mothers and children aged 2 to 4 years by October 2014. This study evaluated the effect of the 2014 Final Rule changes on the food environment of small and mid-sized WIC-authorized grocery stores. Methods We analyzed secondary data using a natural experimental design to compare the percentage of shelf space for low-fat and nonfat milk and the number of fresh fruit and vegetable varieties in stock before and after the changes. We collected observational data on 18 small and mid-sized WIC-authorized grocery stores in Nashville, Tennessee, using the Nutrition Environment Measures in Store tool in March 2014 and February 2016. Results The mean percentage of shelf space occupied by low-fat and nonfat milk increased from 2.5% to 14.4% (P = .003), primarily because of an increase in the proportion of low-fat milk (P = .001). The mean number of fresh fruit and vegetable varieties increased from 24.3 to 27.7 (P = .01), with a significant increase for vegetables (P = .008) but not fruit. Conclusion Availability of low-fat milk and variety of fresh vegetables increased after the Final Rule changes in the observed stores. Future research should examine outcomes in other cities.

Original language	English
Article number	170008
Journal	Preventing chronic disease
Volume	14
Issue number	8
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.170008
State	Published - 2017

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This material is based on work that was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), under award no. 2011-68001-30113. The research was also partially supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute award nos. 5U54CA163072, 5U54CA163066, and 5U54CA163069. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the USDA or NIH. The authors thank the Tennessee WIC Program and the Nashville/Davidson County WIC program for their support and guidance in planning and implementing the Nashville CHEW for Health project. The authors also thank the organizations and members of the CHEW Community Advisory Board. The authors are grateful to the following staff members and students who assisted with collecting data in the stores and other aspects of the project: Dr Veronica Oates, Rita Fleming, Leslie Speller-Henderson, Chizoba Anyimukwu, Nerissa Aquino, Ebone’ Colclough, Dr Mejia deGrubb, Jolynn Franklin, Valentino Gray, Calvin Harris II, Dr Princess Patton, Michel Perry, Erica Ray, Shari Scott, Rodney Suttles II, Darnell Towns, and Brian Zralek (formerly with Community Food Advocates). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Health Policy
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.5888/pcd14.170008

Cite this

@article{887badd6e8d54b6cb87238ecf9691c82,

title = "Availability of low-fat milk and produce in small and mid-sized grocery stores after 2014 WIC Final Rule Changes, Tennessee",

abstract = "Introduction The 2007 Interim Rule mandated changes to food packages in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) for implementation by 2009. The 2014 Final Rule required additional changes, including increasing the cash value voucher for fruits and vegetables from $6 to $8 for children by June 2014, and allowing only low-fat (1%) or nonfat milk for mothers and children aged 2 to 4 years by October 2014. This study evaluated the effect of the 2014 Final Rule changes on the food environment of small and mid-sized WIC-authorized grocery stores. Methods We analyzed secondary data using a natural experimental design to compare the percentage of shelf space for low-fat and nonfat milk and the number of fresh fruit and vegetable varieties in stock before and after the changes. We collected observational data on 18 small and mid-sized WIC-authorized grocery stores in Nashville, Tennessee, using the Nutrition Environment Measures in Store tool in March 2014 and February 2016. Results The mean percentage of shelf space occupied by low-fat and nonfat milk increased from 2.5% to 14.4% (P = .003), primarily because of an increase in the proportion of low-fat milk (P = .001). The mean number of fresh fruit and vegetable varieties increased from 24.3 to 27.7 (P = .01), with a significant increase for vegetables (P = .008) but not fruit. Conclusion Availability of low-fat milk and variety of fresh vegetables increased after the Final Rule changes in the observed stores. Future research should examine outcomes in other cities.",

author = "David Schlundt and Chiquita Briley and Barbara Canada and Jones, {Jessica L.} and Husaini, {Baqar A.} and Emerson, {Janice S.} and Hull, {Pamela C.}",

note = "Funding Information: This material is based on work that was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), under award no. 2011-68001-30113. The research was also partially supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute award nos. 5U54CA163072, 5U54CA163066, and 5U54CA163069. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the USDA or NIH. The authors thank the Tennessee WIC Program and the Nashville/Davidson County WIC program for their support and guidance in planning and implementing the Nashville CHEW for Health project. The authors also thank the organizations and members of the CHEW Community Advisory Board. The authors are grateful to the following staff members and students who assisted with collecting data in the stores and other aspects of the project: Dr Veronica Oates, Rita Fleming, Leslie Speller-Henderson, Chizoba Anyimukwu, Nerissa Aquino, Ebone{\textquoteright} Colclough, Dr Mejia deGrubb, Jolynn Franklin, Valentino Gray, Calvin Harris II, Dr Princess Patton, Michel Perry, Erica Ray, Shari Scott, Rodney Suttles II, Darnell Towns, and Brian Zralek (formerly with Community Food Advocates). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.",

year = "2017",

doi = "10.5888/pcd14.170008",

language = "English",

volume = "14",

number = "8",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Availability of low-fat milk and produce in small and mid-sized grocery stores after 2014 WIC Final Rule Changes, Tennessee

AU - Schlundt, David

AU - Briley, Chiquita

AU - Canada, Barbara

AU - Jones, Jessica L.

AU - Husaini, Baqar A.

AU - Emerson, Janice S.

AU - Hull, Pamela C.

N1 - Funding Information: This material is based on work that was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), under award no. 2011-68001-30113. The research was also partially supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute award nos. 5U54CA163072, 5U54CA163066, and 5U54CA163069. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the USDA or NIH. The authors thank the Tennessee WIC Program and the Nashville/Davidson County WIC program for their support and guidance in planning and implementing the Nashville CHEW for Health project. The authors also thank the organizations and members of the CHEW Community Advisory Board. The authors are grateful to the following staff members and students who assisted with collecting data in the stores and other aspects of the project: Dr Veronica Oates, Rita Fleming, Leslie Speller-Henderson, Chizoba Anyimukwu, Nerissa Aquino, Ebone’ Colclough, Dr Mejia deGrubb, Jolynn Franklin, Valentino Gray, Calvin Harris II, Dr Princess Patton, Michel Perry, Erica Ray, Shari Scott, Rodney Suttles II, Darnell Towns, and Brian Zralek (formerly with Community Food Advocates). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

PY - 2017

Y1 - 2017

N2 - Introduction The 2007 Interim Rule mandated changes to food packages in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) for implementation by 2009. The 2014 Final Rule required additional changes, including increasing the cash value voucher for fruits and vegetables from $6 to $8 for children by June 2014, and allowing only low-fat (1%) or nonfat milk for mothers and children aged 2 to 4 years by October 2014. This study evaluated the effect of the 2014 Final Rule changes on the food environment of small and mid-sized WIC-authorized grocery stores. Methods We analyzed secondary data using a natural experimental design to compare the percentage of shelf space for low-fat and nonfat milk and the number of fresh fruit and vegetable varieties in stock before and after the changes. We collected observational data on 18 small and mid-sized WIC-authorized grocery stores in Nashville, Tennessee, using the Nutrition Environment Measures in Store tool in March 2014 and February 2016. Results The mean percentage of shelf space occupied by low-fat and nonfat milk increased from 2.5% to 14.4% (P = .003), primarily because of an increase in the proportion of low-fat milk (P = .001). The mean number of fresh fruit and vegetable varieties increased from 24.3 to 27.7 (P = .01), with a significant increase for vegetables (P = .008) but not fruit. Conclusion Availability of low-fat milk and variety of fresh vegetables increased after the Final Rule changes in the observed stores. Future research should examine outcomes in other cities.

AB - Introduction The 2007 Interim Rule mandated changes to food packages in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) for implementation by 2009. The 2014 Final Rule required additional changes, including increasing the cash value voucher for fruits and vegetables from $6 to $8 for children by June 2014, and allowing only low-fat (1%) or nonfat milk for mothers and children aged 2 to 4 years by October 2014. This study evaluated the effect of the 2014 Final Rule changes on the food environment of small and mid-sized WIC-authorized grocery stores. Methods We analyzed secondary data using a natural experimental design to compare the percentage of shelf space for low-fat and nonfat milk and the number of fresh fruit and vegetable varieties in stock before and after the changes. We collected observational data on 18 small and mid-sized WIC-authorized grocery stores in Nashville, Tennessee, using the Nutrition Environment Measures in Store tool in March 2014 and February 2016. Results The mean percentage of shelf space occupied by low-fat and nonfat milk increased from 2.5% to 14.4% (P = .003), primarily because of an increase in the proportion of low-fat milk (P = .001). The mean number of fresh fruit and vegetable varieties increased from 24.3 to 27.7 (P = .01), with a significant increase for vegetables (P = .008) but not fruit. Conclusion Availability of low-fat milk and variety of fresh vegetables increased after the Final Rule changes in the observed stores. Future research should examine outcomes in other cities.

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Availability of low-fat milk and produce in small and mid-sized grocery stores after 2014 WIC Final Rule Changes, Tennessee

Abstract

Bibliographical note

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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