TY - JOUR
T1 - Biomechanical properties of hemlocks
T2 - A novel approach to evaluating physical barriers of the plant-insect interface and resistance to a phloem-feeding herbivore
AU - Ayayee, Paul
AU - Yang, Fuqian
AU - Rieske, Lynne K.
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - Micromechanical properties that help mediate herbivore access may be particularly important when considering herbivorous insects that feed with piercing-sucking stylets. We used microindentation to quantify the micromechanical properties of hemlock, Tsuga spp., to quantify the hardness of the feeding site of the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae. We measured hardness of the hemlock leaf cushion, the stylet insertion point of the adelgid, across four seasons in a 1 y period for four hemlock species growing in a common garden, including eastern, western, mountain, and northern Japanese hemlocks. Leaf cushion hardness was highest in the fall and winter and lowest in summer for all species. Northern Japanese hemlock had relatively greater hardness than the remaining species. Our data contributes an additional perspective to the existing framework within which greater susceptibility and subsequent mortality of eastern hemlocks is observed. The potential application of microindentation to understanding the nature and relevance of plant mechanical defenses in plant-herbivore interactions is also demonstrated and highlighted.
AB - Micromechanical properties that help mediate herbivore access may be particularly important when considering herbivorous insects that feed with piercing-sucking stylets. We used microindentation to quantify the micromechanical properties of hemlock, Tsuga spp., to quantify the hardness of the feeding site of the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae. We measured hardness of the hemlock leaf cushion, the stylet insertion point of the adelgid, across four seasons in a 1 y period for four hemlock species growing in a common garden, including eastern, western, mountain, and northern Japanese hemlocks. Leaf cushion hardness was highest in the fall and winter and lowest in summer for all species. Northern Japanese hemlock had relatively greater hardness than the remaining species. Our data contributes an additional perspective to the existing framework within which greater susceptibility and subsequent mortality of eastern hemlocks is observed. The potential application of microindentation to understanding the nature and relevance of plant mechanical defenses in plant-herbivore interactions is also demonstrated and highlighted.
KW - Constitutive resistance
KW - Hemlock woolly adelgid
KW - Leaf cushion
KW - Microindentation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84902084471&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84902084471&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/insects5020364
DO - 10.3390/insects5020364
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84902084471
SN - 2075-4450
VL - 5
SP - 364
EP - 376
JO - Insects
JF - Insects
IS - 2
ER -