TY - JOUR
T1 - Breast cancer resistance protein and P-glycoprotein in brain cancer
T2 - Two gatekeepers team up
AU - Agarwal, Sagar
AU - Hartz, Anika M.S.
AU - Elmquist, William F.
AU - Bauer, Björn
PY - 2011/9
Y1 - 2011/9
N2 - Brain cancer is a devastating disease. Despite extensive research, treatment of brain tumors has been largely ineffective and the diagnosis of brain cancer remains uniformly fatal. Failure of brain cancer treatment may be in part due to limitations in drug delivery, influenced by the ABC drug efflux transporters P-gp and BCRP at the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers, in brain tumor cells, as well as in brain tumor stem-like cells. P-gp and BCRP limit various anti-cancer drugs from entering the brain and tumor tissues, thus rendering chemotherapy ineffective. To overcome this obstacle, two strategies - targeting transporter regulation and direct transporter inhibition - have been proposed. In this review, we focus on these strategies. We first introduce the latest findings on signaling pathways that could potentially be targeted to down-regulate P-gp and BCRP expression and/or transport activity. We then highlight in detail the new paradigm of P-gp and BCRP working as a "cooperative team of gatekeepers" at the blood-brain barrier, discuss its ramifications for brain cancer therapy, and summarize the latest findings on dual P-gp/BCRP inhibitors. Finally, we provide a brief summary with conclusions and outline the perspectives for future research endeavors in this field.
AB - Brain cancer is a devastating disease. Despite extensive research, treatment of brain tumors has been largely ineffective and the diagnosis of brain cancer remains uniformly fatal. Failure of brain cancer treatment may be in part due to limitations in drug delivery, influenced by the ABC drug efflux transporters P-gp and BCRP at the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers, in brain tumor cells, as well as in brain tumor stem-like cells. P-gp and BCRP limit various anti-cancer drugs from entering the brain and tumor tissues, thus rendering chemotherapy ineffective. To overcome this obstacle, two strategies - targeting transporter regulation and direct transporter inhibition - have been proposed. In this review, we focus on these strategies. We first introduce the latest findings on signaling pathways that could potentially be targeted to down-regulate P-gp and BCRP expression and/or transport activity. We then highlight in detail the new paradigm of P-gp and BCRP working as a "cooperative team of gatekeepers" at the blood-brain barrier, discuss its ramifications for brain cancer therapy, and summarize the latest findings on dual P-gp/BCRP inhibitors. Finally, we provide a brief summary with conclusions and outline the perspectives for future research endeavors in this field.
KW - BCRP
KW - Blood-brain barrier
KW - Brain cancer
KW - Glioblastoma
KW - Inhibition
KW - Multidrug resistance
KW - P-gp
KW - Regulation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=80053538365&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=80053538365&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2174/138161211797440186
DO - 10.2174/138161211797440186
M3 - Review article
C2 - 21827403
AN - SCOPUS:80053538365
SN - 1381-6128
VL - 17
SP - 2793
EP - 2802
JO - Current Pharmaceutical Design
JF - Current Pharmaceutical Design
IS - 26
ER -