Cellular and molecular characterization of oxidative stress in olfactory epithelium of harlequin mutant mouse

Oxidative stress in the olfactory system is a major factor associated with age-related olfactory impairment, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not completely understood. The Harlequin mutant mouse (Hq/Y), which carries an X-linked recessive mutation in the Aifm1 gene, is a model of progressive oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration in the cerebellum and retina. To determine whether the Hq/Y mutant mouse is a suitable model of oxidative stress-associated olfactory aging, we investigated cellular and molecular changes in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB) of 6-month-old male Hq/Y mice compared to those in sex-matched littermate controls (+/Y) and in age- and sex-matched C57BL/6 mice. Immunoreactivity for apoptosis-inducing factor, the protein product of Aifm1, was localized in mature olfactory sensory neurons (mOSNs) in +/Y mice but was rarely detected in Hq/Y mice. Hq/Y mice also exhibited increased lipofuscin autofluorescence and increased immunoreactivity for an oxidative DNA/RNA damage marker in mOSNs and in mitral/tufted cells in the OB and an increased number of cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactive apoptotic cells in the OE. Microarray analysis demonstrated that Aifm1 expression was down-regulated by 80% in the OE of Hq/Y mice compared to that in +/Y mice. Most significantly, regulated genes were classified into functional categories of cell signaling/apoptosis/cell cycle, oxidative stress/aging, and cytoskeleton/extracellular matrix/transport-associated. Analysis with EASE software indicated that the functional categories significantly overrepresented in Hq/Y mice included up-regulated mitochondrial genes and down-regulated cytoskeletal organization- and neurogenesis-related genes. Our results strongly support the Hq/Y mutant mouse being a novel model for mechanistic studies of oxidative stress-associated olfactory aging.