Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO

G. Gallina; P. Giampa; F. Retière; J. Kroeger; G. Zhang; M. Ward; P. Margetak; G. Li; T. Tsang; L. Doria; S. Al Kharusi; M. Alfaris; G. Anton; I. J. Arnquist; I. Badhrees; P. S. Barbeau; D. Beck; V. Belov; T. Bhatta; J. Blatchford; J. P. Brodsky; E. Brown; T. Brunner; G. F. Cao; L. Cao; W. R. Cen; C. Chambers; S. A. Charlebois; M. Chiu; B. Cleveland; M. Coon; A. Craycraft; J. Dalmasson; T. Daniels; L. Darroch; S. J. Daugherty; A. De; A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian; R. DeVoe; J. Dilling; Y. Y. Ding; M. J. Dolinski; A. Dragone; J. Echevers; M. Elbeltagi; L. Fabris; D. Fairbank; W. Fairbank; J. Farine; S. Feyzbakhsh; R. Fontaine; P. Gautam; G. Giacomini; R. Gornea; G. Gratta; E. V. Hansen; M. Heffner; E. W. Hoppe; J. Hößl; A. House; M. Hughes; Y. Ito; A. Iverson; A. Jamil; M. J. Jewell; X. S. Jiang; A. Karelin; L. J. Kaufman; D. Kodroff; T. Koffas; R. Krücken; A. Kuchenkov; K. S. Kumar; Y. Lan; A. Larson; B. G. Lenardo; D. S. Leonard; S. Li; Z. Li; C. Licciardi; Y. H. Lin; P. Lv; R. MacLellan; T. McElroy; M. Medina-Peregrina; T. Michel; B. Mong; D. C. Moore; K. Murray; P. Nakarmi; R. J. Newby; Z. Ning; O. Njoya; F. Nolet; O. Nusair; K. Odgers; A. Odian; M. Oriunno; J. L. Orrell; G. S. Ortega; I. Ostrovskiy; C. T. Overman; S. Parent; A. Piepke; A. Pocar; J. F. Pratte; D. Qiu; V. Radeka; E. Raguzin; S. Rescia; M. Richman; A. Robinson; T. Rossignol; P. C. Rowson; N. Roy; R. Saldanha; S. Sangiorgio; K. Skarpaas; A. K. Soma; G. St-Hilaire; V. Stekhanov; T. Stiegler; X. L. Sun; M. Tarka; J. Todd; T. Tolba; T. I. Totev; R. Tsang; F. Vachon; V. Veeraraghavan; G. Visser; J. L. Vuilleumier; M. Wagenpfeil; M. Walent; Q. Wang; J. Watkins; M. Weber; W. Wei; L. J. Wen; U. Wichoski; S. X. Wu; W. H. Wu; X. Wu; Q. Xia; H. Yang; L. Yang; Y. R. Yen; O. Zeldovich; J. Zhao; Y. Zhou; T. Ziegler

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096

Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO

G. Gallina, P. Giampa, F. Retière, J. Kroeger, G. Zhang, M. Ward, P. Margetak, G. Li, T. Tsang, L. Doria, S. Al Kharusi, M. Alfaris, G. Anton, I. J. Arnquist, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, J. BlatchfordJ. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, L. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, S. A. Charlebois, M. Chiu, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, J. Dalmasson, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, A. De, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling, Y. Y. Ding, M. J. Dolinski, A. Dragone, J. Echevers, M. Elbeltagi, L. Fabris, D. Fairbank, W. Fairbank, J. Farine, S. Feyzbakhsh, R. Fontaine, P. Gautam, G. Giacomini, R. Gornea, G. Gratta, E. V. Hansen, M. Heffner, E. W. Hoppe, J. Hößl, A. House, M. Hughes, Y. Ito, A. Iverson, A. Jamil, M. J. Jewell, X. S. Jiang, A. Karelin, L. J. Kaufman, D. Kodroff, T. Koffas, R. Krücken, A. Kuchenkov, K. S. Kumar, Y. Lan, A. Larson, B. G. Lenardo, D. S. Leonard, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, Y. H. Lin, P. Lv, R. MacLellan, T. McElroy, M. Medina-Peregrina, T. Michel, B. Mong, D. C. Moore, K. Murray, P. Nakarmi, R. J. Newby, Z. Ning, O. Njoya, F. Nolet, O. Nusair, K. Odgers, A. Odian, M. Oriunno, J. L. Orrell, G. S. Ortega, I. Ostrovskiy, C. T. Overman, S. Parent, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, J. F. Pratte, D. Qiu, V. Radeka, E. Raguzin, S. Rescia, M. Richman, A. Robinson, T. Rossignol, P. C. Rowson, N. Roy, R. Saldanha, S. Sangiorgio, K. Skarpaas, A. K. Soma, G. St-Hilaire, V. Stekhanov, T. Stiegler, X. L. Sun, M. Tarka, J. Todd, T. Tolba, T. I. Totev, R. Tsang, F. Vachon, V. Veeraraghavan, G. Visser, J. L. Vuilleumier, M. Wagenpfeil, M. Walent, Q. Wang, J. Watkins, M. Weber, W. Wei, L. J. Wen, U. Wichoski, S. X. Wu, W. H. Wu, X. Wu, Q. Xia, H. Yang, L. Yang, Y. R. Yen, O. Zeldovich, J. Zhao, Y. Zhou, T. Ziegler

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

36 Scopus citations

Abstract

In this paper we report on the characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC)s as part of the development of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment. Various MPPC features, such as: dark noise, gain, correlated avalanches, direct crosstalk and Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) were measured in a dedicated setup at TRIUMF. MPPCs were characterized in the range 163K≤T≤233K. At an over voltage of 3.1±0.2 V and at T=163K we report a number of Correlated Avalanches (CAs) per pulse in the 1μs interval following the trigger pulse of 0.161±0.005. At the same settings the Dark-Noise (DN) rate is 0.137±0.002Hz/mm². Both the number of CAs and the DN rate are within nEXO specifications. The PDE of the Hamamatsu VUV4 was measured for two different devices at T=233K for a mean wavelength of 189±7nm. At 3.6±0.2 V and 3.5±0.2 V of over voltage we report a PDE of 13.4±2.6% and 11±2%, corresponding to a saturation PDE of 14.8±2.8% and 12.2±2.3%, respectively. Both values are well below the 24% saturation PDE advertised by Hamamatsu. More generally, the second device tested at 3.5±0.2 V of over voltage is below the nEXO PDE requirement. The first one instead yields a PDE that is marginally close to meeting the nEXO specifications. This suggests that with modest improvements the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs could be considered as an alternative to the FBK-LF Silicon Photo-Multipliers for the final design of the nEXO detector.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	371-379
Number of pages	9
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	940
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096
State	Published - Oct 1 2019

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Elsevier B.V.

Funding

This work has been supported by NSERC, Canada , CFI, Canada , FRQNT, Canada , NRC, Canada , and the McDonald Institute (CFREF) in Canada; by the Offices of Nuclear and High Energy Physics within DOE ’s Office of Science, and National Science Foundation in the United States; by SNF in Switzerland ; by Institute for Basic Sciences in Korea ; by RFBR ( 18-02-00550 ) in Russia; and by CAS and ISTCP in China. This work was supported in part by Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD), USA programs at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), USA , Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), USA , and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), USA . This work has been supported by NSERC, Canada, CFI, Canada, FRQNT, Canada, NRC, Canada, and the McDonald Institute (CFREF) in Canada; by the Offices of Nuclear and High Energy Physics within DOE's Office of Science, and National Science Foundation in the United States; by SNF in Switzerland; by Institute for Basic Sciences in Korea; by RFBR (18-02-00550) in Russia; and by CAS and ISTCP in China. This work was supported in part by Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD), USA programs at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), USA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), USA, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), USA.

Funders	Funder number
Institute for Basic Sciences in Korea
McDonald Institute
National Science Foundation Arctic Social Science Program	1812245, 1833095, 1506051
National Science Foundation Arctic Social Science Program
U.S. Department of Energy EPSCoR
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Laboratory Directed Research and Development
Center for African Studies
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
National Research Council Canada (NRCC)
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Russian Foundation for Basic Research	18-02-00550
Russian Foundation for Basic Research
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies
Canada First Research Excellence Fund
International Science and Technology Cooperation Programme

Keywords

Hamamatsu
MPPCs
PDE
SiPMs
VUV4
nEXO

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Instrumentation

Access to Document

10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096

Cite this

Gallina, G., Giampa, P., Retière, F., Kroeger, J., Zhang, G., Ward, M., Margetak, P., Li, G., Tsang, T., Doria, L., Al Kharusi, S., Alfaris, M., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., ... Ziegler, T. (2019). Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 940, 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096

@article{84fd27edb4ed4e1aaa36208c6fa787bb,

title = "Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO",

abstract = "In this paper we report on the characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC)s as part of the development of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment. Various MPPC features, such as: dark noise, gain, correlated avalanches, direct crosstalk and Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) were measured in a dedicated setup at TRIUMF. MPPCs were characterized in the range 163K≤T≤233K. At an over voltage of 3.1±0.2 V and at T=163K we report a number of Correlated Avalanches (CAs) per pulse in the 1μs interval following the trigger pulse of 0.161±0.005. At the same settings the Dark-Noise (DN) rate is 0.137±0.002Hz/mm2. Both the number of CAs and the DN rate are within nEXO specifications. The PDE of the Hamamatsu VUV4 was measured for two different devices at T=233K for a mean wavelength of 189±7nm. At 3.6±0.2 V and 3.5±0.2 V of over voltage we report a PDE of 13.4±2.6% and 11±2%, corresponding to a saturation PDE of 14.8±2.8% and 12.2±2.3%, respectively. Both values are well below the 24% saturation PDE advertised by Hamamatsu. More generally, the second device tested at 3.5±0.2 V of over voltage is below the nEXO PDE requirement. The first one instead yields a PDE that is marginally close to meeting the nEXO specifications. This suggests that with modest improvements the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs could be considered as an alternative to the FBK-LF Silicon Photo-Multipliers for the final design of the nEXO detector.",

keywords = "Hamamatsu, MPPCs, PDE, SiPMs, VUV4, nEXO",

author = "G. Gallina and P. Giampa and F. Reti{\`e}re and J. Kroeger and G. Zhang and M. Ward and P. Margetak and G. Li and T. Tsang and L. Doria and {Al Kharusi}, S. and M. Alfaris and G. Anton and Arnquist, {I. J.} and I. Badhrees and Barbeau, {P. S.} and D. Beck and V. Belov and T. Bhatta and J. Blatchford and Brodsky, {J. P.} and E. Brown and T. Brunner and Cao, {G. F.} and L. Cao and Cen, {W. R.} and C. Chambers and Charlebois, {S. A.} and M. Chiu and B. Cleveland and M. Coon and A. Craycraft and J. Dalmasson and T. Daniels and L. Darroch and Daugherty, {S. J.} and A. De and {Der Mesrobian-Kabakian}, A. and R. DeVoe and J. Dilling and Ding, {Y. Y.} and Dolinski, {M. J.} and A. Dragone and J. Echevers and M. Elbeltagi and L. Fabris and D. Fairbank and W. Fairbank and J. Farine and S. Feyzbakhsh and R. Fontaine and P. Gautam and G. Giacomini and R. Gornea and G. Gratta and Hansen, {E. V.} and M. Heffner and Hoppe, {E. W.} and J. H{\"o}{\ss}l and A. House and M. Hughes and Y. Ito and A. Iverson and A. Jamil and Jewell, {M. J.} and Jiang, {X. S.} and A. Karelin and Kaufman, {L. J.} and D. Kodroff and T. Koffas and R. Kr{\"u}cken and A. Kuchenkov and Kumar, {K. S.} and Y. Lan and A. Larson and Lenardo, {B. G.} and Leonard, {D. S.} and S. Li and Z. Li and C. Licciardi and Lin, {Y. H.} and P. Lv and R. MacLellan and T. McElroy and M. Medina-Peregrina and T. Michel and B. Mong and Moore, {D. C.} and K. Murray and P. Nakarmi and Newby, {R. J.} and Z. Ning and O. Njoya and F. Nolet and O. Nusair and K. Odgers and A. Odian and M. Oriunno and Orrell, {J. L.} and Ortega, {G. S.} and I. Ostrovskiy and Overman, {C. T.} and S. Parent and A. Piepke and A. Pocar and Pratte, {J. F.} and D. Qiu and V. Radeka and E. Raguzin and S. Rescia and M. Richman and A. Robinson and T. Rossignol and Rowson, {P. C.} and N. Roy and R. Saldanha and S. Sangiorgio and K. Skarpaas and Soma, {A. K.} and G. St-Hilaire and V. Stekhanov and T. Stiegler and Sun, {X. L.} and M. Tarka and J. Todd and T. Tolba and Totev, {T. I.} and R. Tsang and F. Vachon and V. Veeraraghavan and G. Visser and Vuilleumier, {J. L.} and M. Wagenpfeil and M. Walent and Q. Wang and J. Watkins and M. Weber and W. Wei and Wen, {L. J.} and U. Wichoski and Wu, {S. X.} and Wu, {W. H.} and X. Wu and Q. Xia and H. Yang and L. Yang and Yen, {Y. R.} and O. Zeldovich and J. Zhao and Y. Zhou and T. Ziegler",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 Elsevier B.V.",

year = "2019",

month = oct,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096",

language = "English",

volume = "940",

pages = "371--379",

}

Gallina, G, Giampa, P, Retière, F, Kroeger, J, Zhang, G, Ward, M, Margetak, P, Li, G, Tsang, T, Doria, L, Al Kharusi, S, Alfaris, M, Anton, G, Arnquist, IJ, Badhrees, I, Barbeau, PS, Beck, D, Belov, V, Bhatta, T, Blatchford, J, Brodsky, JP, Brown, E, Brunner, T, Cao, GF, Cao, L, Cen, WR, Chambers, C, Charlebois, SA, Chiu, M, Cleveland, B, Coon, M, Craycraft, A, Dalmasson, J, Daniels, T, Darroch, L, Daugherty, SJ, De, A, Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A, DeVoe, R, Dilling, J, Ding, YY, Dolinski, MJ, Dragone, A, Echevers, J, Elbeltagi, M, Fabris, L, Fairbank, D, Fairbank, W, Farine, J, Feyzbakhsh, S, Fontaine, R, Gautam, P, Giacomini, G, Gornea, R, Gratta, G, Hansen, EV, Heffner, M, Hoppe, EW, Hößl, J, House, A, Hughes, M, Ito, Y, Iverson, A, Jamil, A, Jewell, MJ, Jiang, XS, Karelin, A, Kaufman, LJ, Kodroff, D, Koffas, T, Krücken, R, Kuchenkov, A, Kumar, KS, Lan, Y, Larson, A, Lenardo, BG, Leonard, DS, Li, S, Li, Z, Licciardi, C, Lin, YH, Lv, P, MacLellan, R, McElroy, T, Medina-Peregrina, M, Michel, T, Mong, B, Moore, DC, Murray, K, Nakarmi, P, Newby, RJ, Ning, Z, Njoya, O, Nolet, F, Nusair, O, Odgers, K, Odian, A, Oriunno, M, Orrell, JL, Ortega, GS, Ostrovskiy, I, Overman, CT, Parent, S, Piepke, A, Pocar, A, Pratte, JF, Qiu, D, Radeka, V, Raguzin, E, Rescia, S, Richman, M, Robinson, A, Rossignol, T, Rowson, PC, Roy, N, Saldanha, R, Sangiorgio, S, Skarpaas, K, Soma, AK, St-Hilaire, G, Stekhanov, V, Stiegler, T, Sun, XL, Tarka, M, Todd, J, Tolba, T, Totev, TI, Tsang, R, Vachon, F, Veeraraghavan, V, Visser, G, Vuilleumier, JL, Wagenpfeil, M, Walent, M, Wang, Q, Watkins, J, Weber, M, Wei, W, Wen, LJ, Wichoski, U, Wu, SX, Wu, WH, Wu, X, Xia, Q, Yang, H, Yang, L, Yen, YR, Zeldovich, O, Zhao, J, Zhou, Y & Ziegler, T 2019, 'Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 940, pp. 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096

TY - JOUR

T1 - Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO

AU - Gallina, G.

AU - Giampa, P.

AU - Retière, F.

AU - Kroeger, J.

AU - Zhang, G.

AU - Ward, M.

AU - Margetak, P.

AU - Li, G.

AU - Tsang, T.

AU - Doria, L.

AU - Al Kharusi, S.

AU - Alfaris, M.

AU - Anton, G.

AU - Arnquist, I. J.

AU - Badhrees, I.

AU - Barbeau, P. S.

AU - Beck, D.

AU - Belov, V.

AU - Bhatta, T.

AU - Blatchford, J.

AU - Brodsky, J. P.

AU - Brown, E.

AU - Brunner, T.

AU - Cao, G. F.

AU - Cao, L.

AU - Cen, W. R.

AU - Chambers, C.

AU - Charlebois, S. A.

AU - Chiu, M.

AU - Cleveland, B.

AU - Coon, M.

AU - Craycraft, A.

AU - Dalmasson, J.

AU - Daniels, T.

AU - Darroch, L.

AU - Daugherty, S. J.

AU - De, A.

AU - Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A.

AU - DeVoe, R.

AU - Dilling, J.

AU - Ding, Y. Y.

AU - Dolinski, M. J.

AU - Dragone, A.

AU - Echevers, J.

AU - Elbeltagi, M.

AU - Fabris, L.

AU - Fairbank, D.

AU - Fairbank, W.

AU - Farine, J.

AU - Feyzbakhsh, S.

AU - Fontaine, R.

AU - Gautam, P.

AU - Giacomini, G.

AU - Gornea, R.

AU - Gratta, G.

AU - Hansen, E. V.

AU - Heffner, M.

AU - Hoppe, E. W.

AU - Hößl, J.

AU - House, A.

AU - Hughes, M.

AU - Ito, Y.

AU - Iverson, A.

AU - Jamil, A.

AU - Jewell, M. J.

AU - Jiang, X. S.

AU - Karelin, A.

AU - Kaufman, L. J.

AU - Kodroff, D.

AU - Koffas, T.

AU - Krücken, R.

AU - Kuchenkov, A.

AU - Kumar, K. S.

AU - Lan, Y.

AU - Larson, A.

AU - Lenardo, B. G.

AU - Leonard, D. S.

AU - Li, S.

AU - Li, Z.

AU - Licciardi, C.

AU - Lin, Y. H.

AU - Lv, P.

AU - MacLellan, R.

AU - McElroy, T.

AU - Medina-Peregrina, M.

AU - Michel, T.

AU - Mong, B.

AU - Moore, D. C.

AU - Murray, K.

AU - Nakarmi, P.

AU - Newby, R. J.

AU - Ning, Z.

AU - Njoya, O.

AU - Nolet, F.

AU - Nusair, O.

AU - Odgers, K.

AU - Odian, A.

AU - Oriunno, M.

AU - Orrell, J. L.

AU - Ortega, G. S.

AU - Ostrovskiy, I.

AU - Overman, C. T.

AU - Parent, S.

AU - Piepke, A.

AU - Pocar, A.

AU - Pratte, J. F.

AU - Qiu, D.

AU - Radeka, V.

AU - Raguzin, E.

AU - Rescia, S.

AU - Richman, M.

AU - Robinson, A.

AU - Rossignol, T.

AU - Rowson, P. C.

AU - Roy, N.

AU - Saldanha, R.

AU - Sangiorgio, S.

AU - Skarpaas, K.

AU - Soma, A. K.

AU - St-Hilaire, G.

AU - Stekhanov, V.

AU - Stiegler, T.

AU - Sun, X. L.

AU - Tarka, M.

AU - Todd, J.

AU - Tolba, T.

AU - Totev, T. I.

AU - Tsang, R.

AU - Vachon, F.

AU - Veeraraghavan, V.

AU - Visser, G.

AU - Vuilleumier, J. L.

AU - Wagenpfeil, M.

AU - Walent, M.

AU - Wang, Q.

AU - Watkins, J.

AU - Weber, M.

AU - Wei, W.

AU - Wen, L. J.

AU - Wichoski, U.

AU - Wu, S. X.

AU - Wu, W. H.

AU - Wu, X.

AU - Xia, Q.

AU - Yang, H.

AU - Yang, L.

AU - Yen, Y. R.

AU - Zeldovich, O.

AU - Zhao, J.

AU - Zhou, Y.

AU - Ziegler, T.

PY - 2019/10/1

Y1 - 2019/10/1

N2 - In this paper we report on the characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC)s as part of the development of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment. Various MPPC features, such as: dark noise, gain, correlated avalanches, direct crosstalk and Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) were measured in a dedicated setup at TRIUMF. MPPCs were characterized in the range 163K≤T≤233K. At an over voltage of 3.1±0.2 V and at T=163K we report a number of Correlated Avalanches (CAs) per pulse in the 1μs interval following the trigger pulse of 0.161±0.005. At the same settings the Dark-Noise (DN) rate is 0.137±0.002Hz/mm2. Both the number of CAs and the DN rate are within nEXO specifications. The PDE of the Hamamatsu VUV4 was measured for two different devices at T=233K for a mean wavelength of 189±7nm. At 3.6±0.2 V and 3.5±0.2 V of over voltage we report a PDE of 13.4±2.6% and 11±2%, corresponding to a saturation PDE of 14.8±2.8% and 12.2±2.3%, respectively. Both values are well below the 24% saturation PDE advertised by Hamamatsu. More generally, the second device tested at 3.5±0.2 V of over voltage is below the nEXO PDE requirement. The first one instead yields a PDE that is marginally close to meeting the nEXO specifications. This suggests that with modest improvements the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs could be considered as an alternative to the FBK-LF Silicon Photo-Multipliers for the final design of the nEXO detector.

AB - In this paper we report on the characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC)s as part of the development of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment. Various MPPC features, such as: dark noise, gain, correlated avalanches, direct crosstalk and Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) were measured in a dedicated setup at TRIUMF. MPPCs were characterized in the range 163K≤T≤233K. At an over voltage of 3.1±0.2 V and at T=163K we report a number of Correlated Avalanches (CAs) per pulse in the 1μs interval following the trigger pulse of 0.161±0.005. At the same settings the Dark-Noise (DN) rate is 0.137±0.002Hz/mm2. Both the number of CAs and the DN rate are within nEXO specifications. The PDE of the Hamamatsu VUV4 was measured for two different devices at T=233K for a mean wavelength of 189±7nm. At 3.6±0.2 V and 3.5±0.2 V of over voltage we report a PDE of 13.4±2.6% and 11±2%, corresponding to a saturation PDE of 14.8±2.8% and 12.2±2.3%, respectively. Both values are well below the 24% saturation PDE advertised by Hamamatsu. More generally, the second device tested at 3.5±0.2 V of over voltage is below the nEXO PDE requirement. The first one instead yields a PDE that is marginally close to meeting the nEXO specifications. This suggests that with modest improvements the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs could be considered as an alternative to the FBK-LF Silicon Photo-Multipliers for the final design of the nEXO detector.

KW - Hamamatsu

KW - MPPCs

KW - PDE

KW - SiPMs

KW - VUV4

KW - nEXO

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85067861938&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85067861938&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.096

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85067861938

SN - 0168-9002

VL - 940

SP - 371

EP - 379

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

ER -

Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO

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