Abstract
Gender-typed behaviors—both gender-conforming and nonconforming—were investigated longitudinally among children in 106 adoptive U.S. families with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents at two times (Wave 1, preschool-age; Wave 2, school-age) over 5 years. At Wave 1 (W1), parents reported on children’s gender-typed behavior using the Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI; Golombok and Rust 1993), and children’s gender-typed toy play was evaluated using observational methods. At Wave 2 (W2), children reported on their own gender-typed behavior using the Children’s Occupations, Activities, and Traits Personal Measure (COAT-PM; Liben and Bigler 2002). Observations of children’s gender-conforming toy play and parents’ reports of children’s gender nonconformity (PSAI) in early childhood (W1) were associated with children’s self-reports of gender nonconformity (COAT-PM) in middle childhood (W2); toy play was most strongly predictive of gender nonconformity 5 years later. Children’s gender-typed behavior also varied by age and gender at both time points, but no significant differences were found as a function of parental sexual orientation across time. Informative to ongoing debates about same-sex parenting, our findings indicate that among children reared by lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents, gender-typing appears to be similar, and predominantly gender-conforming, across early to middle childhood.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 528-541 |
Number of pages | 14 |
Journal | Sex Roles |
Volume | 78 |
Issue number | 7-8 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Apr 1 2018 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Keywords
- Adoptive parents
- Early childhood development
- Gender nonconformity
- Gender roles
- Sexual orientation
- Toy selection
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Gender Studies
- Social Psychology
- Developmental and Educational Psychology