COVID-19, construction project efficiency, productivity, factors, challenges, small scale, medium scale, and large scale

Post the COVID-19 pandemic, all industries of different sizes across nearly every state of the United States are facing unprecedented challenges trying to overcome the current labor shortages. To combat labor shortage, organizations such as transportation agencies started investigating and implementing new approaches and interventions to attract and retain new workers and support their existing workforce development. Since highway work zones are considered highly hazardous for drivers and workers who build, repair, and maintain them, a significant concern of the highway construction and maintenance sector is the workers' safety performance. In the scope of occupational safety and health, training is one of the essential tools for informing and empowering employees about workplace hazards and increasing their awareness of safety controls to remove and minimize associated risks. Thus, this research provides a roadmap to redesign safety training specific to highway construction and maintenance employees and address safety issues beyond the OSHA 10-h training course.