Crystallization kinetics of rapid spray plasma processed multiple cation perovskites in open air

Michael Q. Hovish; Nicholas Rolston; Karsten Brüning; Florian Hilt; Christopher Tassone; Reinhold H. Dauskardt

doi:10.1039/c9ta07980g

Crystallization kinetics of rapid spray plasma processed multiple cation perovskites in open air

Michael Q. Hovish, Nicholas Rolston, Karsten Brüning, Florian Hilt, Christopher Tassone, Reinhold H. Dauskardt

Chemical and Materials Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

17 Scopus citations

Abstract

Rapid Spray Plasma Processing (RSPP) is a high throughput, scalable, and open-air route toward manufacturing perovskite solar modules. The plasma exposure is dosed such that the perovskite precursor solution is cured in milliseconds using a combination of rapid heating, reactive species, and UV photons. We implemented in situ wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) to characterize the crystal growth in multiple cation, mixed halide perovskite thin films - Cs_x(MA_zFA_1-z)_1-xPb(Br_0.17I_0.83)₃ for 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25 - fabricated in open air. The use of synchrotron radiation and high detector speeds resolved the formation and dissolution of a transient intermediate crystalline phase during the tens of milliseconds when the perovskite crystallized. Increasing the mole fraction of cesium and methylammonium resulted in a decrease in the intermediate phase and an increase in the average grain diameter. Increasing the cesium fraction suppressed phase segregation, as observed in photoluminescence. Calculations showed the refractive index decreased and the extinction coefficient increased with cesium fraction. Based on the rapid crystallization kinetics, RSPP perovskite films exhibit residual stress values >5× lower than spin coated films. Understanding the kinetics of perovskite formation enables the design of perovskite films with improved thermomechanical and operational stability.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	169-176
Number of pages	8
Journal	Journal of Materials Chemistry A
Volume	8
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07980g
State	Published - Jan 7 2020

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Funding

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) Agreement Number DE-EE0008559. Part of this work was performed at the Stanford Nano Shared Facilities (SNSF), supported by the National Science Foundation under award ECCS-1542152. Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, awarded to N. Rolston under award DGE-1656518. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. We also thank Ron Marks for helpful discussions and experimental assistance at Beamline 10-2 at SSRL.

Funders	Funder number
National Science Foundation Integrated Graduate Education and Research Training	DGE-1656518
Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Stanford Nano Shared Facilities
National Science Foundation Arctic Social Science Program	ECCS-1542152
Office of Science Programs
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Solar Energy Technologies Office	DE-EE0008559

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Chemistry
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
General Materials Science

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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abstract = "Rapid Spray Plasma Processing (RSPP) is a high throughput, scalable, and open-air route toward manufacturing perovskite solar modules. The plasma exposure is dosed such that the perovskite precursor solution is cured in milliseconds using a combination of rapid heating, reactive species, and UV photons. We implemented in situ wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) to characterize the crystal growth in multiple cation, mixed halide perovskite thin films - Csx(MAzFA1-z)1-xPb(Br0.17I0.83)3 for 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25 - fabricated in open air. The use of synchrotron radiation and high detector speeds resolved the formation and dissolution of a transient intermediate crystalline phase during the tens of milliseconds when the perovskite crystallized. Increasing the mole fraction of cesium and methylammonium resulted in a decrease in the intermediate phase and an increase in the average grain diameter. Increasing the cesium fraction suppressed phase segregation, as observed in photoluminescence. Calculations showed the refractive index decreased and the extinction coefficient increased with cesium fraction. Based on the rapid crystallization kinetics, RSPP perovskite films exhibit residual stress values >5× lower than spin coated films. Understanding the kinetics of perovskite formation enables the design of perovskite films with improved thermomechanical and operational stability.",

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AU - Dauskardt, Reinhold H.

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Crystallization kinetics of rapid spray plasma processed multiple cation perovskites in open air

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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