Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012

Alana L. Woodward; Adam S. Rash; Donna Blinman; Samantha Bowman; Thomas M. Chambers; Janet M. Daly; Armando Damiani; Sunitha Joseph; Nicola Lewis; John W. McCauley; Liz Medcalf; Jenny Mumford; J. Richard Newton; Ashish Tiwari; Neil A. Bryant; Debra M. Elton

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039

Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012

Alana L. Woodward, Adam S. Rash, Donna Blinman, Samantha Bowman, Thomas M. Chambers, Janet M. Daly, Armando Damiani, Sunitha Joseph, Nicola Lewis, John W. McCauley, Liz Medcalf, Jenny Mumford, J. Richard Newton, Ashish Tiwari, Neil A. Bryant, Debra M. Elton

Veterinary Science

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

54 Scopus citations

Abstract

Equine influenza viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease in horses worldwide and undergo antigenic drift. Several outbreaks of equine influenza occurred worldwide during 2010-2012, including in vaccinated animals, highlighting the importance of surveillance and virus characterisation. Virus isolates were characterised from more than 20 outbreaks over a 3-year period, including strains from the UK, Dubai, Germany and the USA. The haemagglutinin-1 (HA1) sequence of all isolates was determined and compared with OIE-recommended vaccine strains. Viruses from Florida clades 1 and 2 showed continued divergence from each other compared with 2009 isolates. The antigenic inter-relationships among viruses were determined using a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay with ferret antisera and visualised using antigenic cartography. All European isolates belonged to Florida clade 2, all those from the USA belonged to Florida clade 1. Two subpopulations of clade 2 viruses were isolated, with either substitution A144V or I179V. Isolates from Dubai, obtained from horses shipped from Uruguay, belonged to Florida clade 1 and were similar to viruses isolated in the USA the previous year. The neuraminidase (NA) sequence of representative strains from 2007 and 2009 to 2012 was also determined and compared with that of earlier isolates dating back to 1963. Multiple changes were observed at the amino acid level and clear distinctions could be made between viruses belonging to Florida clade 1 and clade 2.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	113-127
Number of pages	15
Journal	Veterinary Microbiology
Volume	169
Issue number	3-4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039
State	Published - 2014

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We would like to thank all members of the UK sentinel practice scheme for submission of samples and Toni-Ann Hammond and Stephanie Reedy for excellent technical support for EIV diagnostics. The surveillance programme and virus characterisation at the AHT were supported by funding from the Horserace Betting Levy Board (Equine Influenza Programme) and at the Gluck Equine Research Center by gifts in support of the OIE reference laboratory from Merck Animal Health, Zoetis Animal Health, ELANCO, and Hennessey Research Associates. We also thank the following in the USA who submitted PCR-positive samples to the OIE reference laboratory: Drs. Nicola Pusterla and Beate Crossley (University of California, Davis); Dr. Jennifer Morrow (Equine Diagnostic Solutions, Lexington, KY); Dr. Edward Dubovi (Cornell University, New York); Dr. Eileen Ostlund (USDA-APHIS, Iowa); Dr. Gail Scherba (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Dr. Hana van Campen (Colorado State University); and Dr. Stephen Sells (University of Kentucky).

Funding

We would like to thank all members of the UK sentinel practice scheme for submission of samples and Toni-Ann Hammond and Stephanie Reedy for excellent technical support for EIV diagnostics. The surveillance programme and virus characterisation at the AHT were supported by funding from the Horserace Betting Levy Board (Equine Influenza Programme) and at the Gluck Equine Research Center by gifts in support of the OIE reference laboratory from Merck Animal Health, Zoetis Animal Health, ELANCO, and Hennessey Research Associates. We also thank the following in the USA who submitted PCR-positive samples to the OIE reference laboratory: Drs. Nicola Pusterla and Beate Crossley (University of California, Davis); Dr. Jennifer Morrow (Equine Diagnostic Solutions, Lexington, KY); Dr. Edward Dubovi (Cornell University, New York); Dr. Eileen Ostlund (USDA-APHIS, Iowa); Dr. Gail Scherba (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Dr. Hana van Campen (Colorado State University); and Dr. Stephen Sells (University of Kentucky).

Funders	Funder number
Hennessey Research Associates
Merck Animal Health
Zoetis/Pfizer Animal Health
Medical Research Council	MC_U117585868
Horserace Betting Levy Board

Keywords

Antigenic cartography
Equine influenza virus
H3N8
Neuraminidase
Surveillance

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Microbiology
General Veterinary

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039

Cite this

Woodward, A. L., Rash, A. S., Blinman, D., Bowman, S., Chambers, T. M., Daly, J. M., Damiani, A., Joseph, S., Lewis, N., McCauley, J. W., Medcalf, L., Mumford, J., Newton, J. R., Tiwari, A., Bryant, N. A., & Elton, D. M. (2014). Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012. Veterinary Microbiology, 169(3-4), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039

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title = "Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012",

abstract = "Equine influenza viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease in horses worldwide and undergo antigenic drift. Several outbreaks of equine influenza occurred worldwide during 2010-2012, including in vaccinated animals, highlighting the importance of surveillance and virus characterisation. Virus isolates were characterised from more than 20 outbreaks over a 3-year period, including strains from the UK, Dubai, Germany and the USA. The haemagglutinin-1 (HA1) sequence of all isolates was determined and compared with OIE-recommended vaccine strains. Viruses from Florida clades 1 and 2 showed continued divergence from each other compared with 2009 isolates. The antigenic inter-relationships among viruses were determined using a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay with ferret antisera and visualised using antigenic cartography. All European isolates belonged to Florida clade 2, all those from the USA belonged to Florida clade 1. Two subpopulations of clade 2 viruses were isolated, with either substitution A144V or I179V. Isolates from Dubai, obtained from horses shipped from Uruguay, belonged to Florida clade 1 and were similar to viruses isolated in the USA the previous year. The neuraminidase (NA) sequence of representative strains from 2007 and 2009 to 2012 was also determined and compared with that of earlier isolates dating back to 1963. Multiple changes were observed at the amino acid level and clear distinctions could be made between viruses belonging to Florida clade 1 and clade 2.",

keywords = "Antigenic cartography, Equine influenza virus, H3N8, Neuraminidase, Surveillance",

author = "Woodward, {Alana L.} and Rash, {Adam S.} and Donna Blinman and Samantha Bowman and Chambers, {Thomas M.} and Daly, {Janet M.} and Armando Damiani and Sunitha Joseph and Nicola Lewis and McCauley, {John W.} and Liz Medcalf and Jenny Mumford and Newton, {J. Richard} and Ashish Tiwari and Bryant, {Neil A.} and Elton, {Debra M.}",

note = "Funding Information: We would like to thank all members of the UK sentinel practice scheme for submission of samples and Toni-Ann Hammond and Stephanie Reedy for excellent technical support for EIV diagnostics. The surveillance programme and virus characterisation at the AHT were supported by funding from the Horserace Betting Levy Board (Equine Influenza Programme) and at the Gluck Equine Research Center by gifts in support of the OIE reference laboratory from Merck Animal Health, Zoetis Animal Health, ELANCO, and Hennessey Research Associates. We also thank the following in the USA who submitted PCR-positive samples to the OIE reference laboratory: Drs. Nicola Pusterla and Beate Crossley (University of California, Davis); Dr. Jennifer Morrow (Equine Diagnostic Solutions, Lexington, KY); Dr. Edward Dubovi (Cornell University, New York); Dr. Eileen Ostlund (USDA-APHIS, Iowa); Dr. Gail Scherba (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Dr. Hana van Campen (Colorado State University); and Dr. Stephen Sells (University of Kentucky). ",

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Woodward, AL, Rash, AS, Blinman, D, Bowman, S, Chambers, TM, Daly, JM, Damiani, A, Joseph, S, Lewis, N, McCauley, JW, Medcalf, L, Mumford, J, Newton, JR, Tiwari, A, Bryant, NA & Elton, DM 2014, 'Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012', Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 169, no. 3-4, pp. 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039

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AU - Woodward, Alana L.

AU - Rash, Adam S.

AU - Blinman, Donna

AU - Bowman, Samantha

AU - Chambers, Thomas M.

AU - Daly, Janet M.

AU - Damiani, Armando

AU - Joseph, Sunitha

AU - Lewis, Nicola

AU - McCauley, John W.

AU - Medcalf, Liz

AU - Mumford, Jenny

AU - Newton, J. Richard

AU - Tiwari, Ashish

AU - Bryant, Neil A.

AU - Elton, Debra M.

N1 - Funding Information: We would like to thank all members of the UK sentinel practice scheme for submission of samples and Toni-Ann Hammond and Stephanie Reedy for excellent technical support for EIV diagnostics. The surveillance programme and virus characterisation at the AHT were supported by funding from the Horserace Betting Levy Board (Equine Influenza Programme) and at the Gluck Equine Research Center by gifts in support of the OIE reference laboratory from Merck Animal Health, Zoetis Animal Health, ELANCO, and Hennessey Research Associates. We also thank the following in the USA who submitted PCR-positive samples to the OIE reference laboratory: Drs. Nicola Pusterla and Beate Crossley (University of California, Davis); Dr. Jennifer Morrow (Equine Diagnostic Solutions, Lexington, KY); Dr. Edward Dubovi (Cornell University, New York); Dr. Eileen Ostlund (USDA-APHIS, Iowa); Dr. Gail Scherba (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Dr. Hana van Campen (Colorado State University); and Dr. Stephen Sells (University of Kentucky).

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N2 - Equine influenza viruses are a major cause of respiratory disease in horses worldwide and undergo antigenic drift. Several outbreaks of equine influenza occurred worldwide during 2010-2012, including in vaccinated animals, highlighting the importance of surveillance and virus characterisation. Virus isolates were characterised from more than 20 outbreaks over a 3-year period, including strains from the UK, Dubai, Germany and the USA. The haemagglutinin-1 (HA1) sequence of all isolates was determined and compared with OIE-recommended vaccine strains. Viruses from Florida clades 1 and 2 showed continued divergence from each other compared with 2009 isolates. The antigenic inter-relationships among viruses were determined using a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay with ferret antisera and visualised using antigenic cartography. All European isolates belonged to Florida clade 2, all those from the USA belonged to Florida clade 1. Two subpopulations of clade 2 viruses were isolated, with either substitution A144V or I179V. Isolates from Dubai, obtained from horses shipped from Uruguay, belonged to Florida clade 1 and were similar to viruses isolated in the USA the previous year. The neuraminidase (NA) sequence of representative strains from 2007 and 2009 to 2012 was also determined and compared with that of earlier isolates dating back to 1963. Multiple changes were observed at the amino acid level and clear distinctions could be made between viruses belonging to Florida clade 1 and clade 2.

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KW - Antigenic cartography

KW - Equine influenza virus

KW - H3N8

KW - Neuraminidase

KW - Surveillance

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Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

Access to Document

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Cite this