TY - JOUR
T1 - Dichlorination of a pyrrolyl-S-carrier protein by FADH2- dependent halogenase PltA during pyoluteorin biosynthesis
AU - Dorrestein, Pieter C.
AU - Yeh, Ellen
AU - Garneau-Tsodikova, Sylvie
AU - Kelleher, Neil L.
AU - Walsh, Christopher T.
PY - 2005/9/27
Y1 - 2005/9/27
N2 - The antifungal natural product pyoluteorin contains a 4,5-dichloropyrrole moiety. The timing of dichlorination in the heteroaromatic ring is now shown to occur after proline is tethered by thioester linkage to the carrier protein PltL and enzymatically desaturated to the pyrrolyl-S-PltL. Surprisingly, the FADH2-dependent halogenase PltA catalyzes chlorination at both positions of the ring, generating the 5-chloropyrrolyl-S-PltL intermediate and then the 4,5-dichloropyrrolyl-S-PltL product. PltA activity strictly depends on a heterologous flavin reductase that uses NAD(P)H to produce FADH2. Electrospray ionization-Fourier transform MS detected five covalent intermediates attached to the 11-kDa carrier protein PltL. Tandem MS localized the site of covalent modification on the carrier protein scaffold. HPLC analysis of the hydrolyzed products was consistent with the regiospecific chlorination at position 5 and then position 4 of the heteroaromatic ring. A mechanism for dichlorination is proposed involving formation of a FAD-4a-OCl intermediate for capture by the electron-rich C4 and C5 of the heteroaromatic pyrrole moiety.
AB - The antifungal natural product pyoluteorin contains a 4,5-dichloropyrrole moiety. The timing of dichlorination in the heteroaromatic ring is now shown to occur after proline is tethered by thioester linkage to the carrier protein PltL and enzymatically desaturated to the pyrrolyl-S-PltL. Surprisingly, the FADH2-dependent halogenase PltA catalyzes chlorination at both positions of the ring, generating the 5-chloropyrrolyl-S-PltL intermediate and then the 4,5-dichloropyrrolyl-S-PltL product. PltA activity strictly depends on a heterologous flavin reductase that uses NAD(P)H to produce FADH2. Electrospray ionization-Fourier transform MS detected five covalent intermediates attached to the 11-kDa carrier protein PltL. Tandem MS localized the site of covalent modification on the carrier protein scaffold. HPLC analysis of the hydrolyzed products was consistent with the regiospecific chlorination at position 5 and then position 4 of the heteroaromatic ring. A mechanism for dichlorination is proposed involving formation of a FAD-4a-OCl intermediate for capture by the electron-rich C4 and C5 of the heteroaromatic pyrrole moiety.
KW - Clorobiocin
KW - Coumermycin
KW - Electrospray ionization-Fourier transform MS
KW - Flavin reductase
KW - Pyrrole biosynthesis
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U2 - 10.1073/pnas.0506964102
DO - 10.1073/pnas.0506964102
M3 - Article
C2 - 16162666
AN - SCOPUS:25444465451
SN - 0027-8424
VL - 102
SP - 13843
EP - 13848
JO - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
IS - 39
ER -