Effects of Meditation Intervention on Self-management in Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis

Background Diabetes complications are prevalent and cause adverse effects on the physical, psychological, and economic status of adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Meditation may positively affect self-management and, in turn, reduce diabetes complications. However, the systematic examination of the effects of meditation without additional components on self-management in this population have been rarely examined. Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the effects of meditation interventions on self-management (ie, control of glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol, and obesity and self-management) among adult patients with type 2 diabetes in randomized controlled trials. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 6 electronic databases were searched using major keywords of meditation, diabetes, and self-management during March 2022. Results Eight studies (9 articles) using mindfulness-based meditation were included. The meta-analysis showed that meditation improved hemoglobin A1c (effect size = -0.75; 95% confidence interval, -1.30 to -0.21; P =.007) but not fasting blood glucose. Only a few studies examined meditation effects on other types of self-management (eg, blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, diet, exercise, foot care, and monitoring of blood glucose), and the effects were inconsistent. In 1 study, meditation improved diabetes self-management. Conclusions Mindfulness-based meditation reduced hemoglobin A1c levels in adult patients with type 2 diabetes but did not consistently improve other types of self-management in a few studies examined. This may imply the need for additional intervention components to improve different types of self-management. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of different types of meditations with additional components on different types of self-management.