Abstract
Advanced control techniques may be used to establish a virtual power plant to regulate the operation of electric water heaters, which may be regarded as a 'uni-directional battery' and a major component of a hybrid residential energy storage system. In order to estimate the potential of regulating water heaters at the aggregated level, factors including user behavior, number of water heaters, and types of water heaters must be considered. This study develops generic water heater load curves based on the data retrieved from large experimental projects for resistive electric water heaters (EWHs) and heat pump water heaters (HPWHs). A community-level digital twin with scalability has been developed to capture the aggregated hot water flow and average hot temperature in the tank. The results in this paper also include the 'energy take' in line with the CTA-2045 standard and Energy Star specification. The data from the experiments demonstrated that changing from an EWH to an HPWH reduces electricity usage by approximately 70%. The case study showed that daily electricity usage could be shifted by approximately 14% and 17% by EWH and HPWHs, respectively, compared to their corresponding average power. Another case study showed that both EHWs and HPWHs, coordinated with PV to reduce morning and evening peaks, could shift approximately 22% of the daily electricity.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 141233-141244 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Journal | IEEE Access |
Volume | 9 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2013 IEEE.
Keywords
- CTA-2045
- Electric water heater (EWH)
- aggregated community load
- demand response (DR)
- digital twin
- distributed energy resources (DER)
- energy storage
- energy take
- generic curve
- heat pump water heater (HPWH)
- load profile
- smart grid
- smart home
- virtual power plant (VPP)
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Computer Science
- General Materials Science
- General Engineering