TY - JOUR
T1 - Evaluation of the effects of chlorpyrifos combined with lipopolysaccharide stress on neuroinflammation and spatial memory in neonatal rats
AU - Wang, Peipei
AU - Dai, Hongmei
AU - Zhang, Chen
AU - Tian, Jing
AU - Deng, Yuanying
AU - Zhao, Mengwen
AU - Zhao, Mingyi
AU - Bing, Guoying
AU - Zhao, Lingling
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2018/12/1
Y1 - 2018/12/1
N2 - Chlorpyrifos (CPF) may weaken the immune defenses of children, making them vulnerable to opportunistic bacterial infection. CPF combined with bacterial infection is a potential problem for children during their childhood development. However, there is a lack of studies on the joint effects of these two factors on children. Here, we assessed the effects of CPF combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the inflammation and development of the nervous system. In this study, the cell toxicity of CPF plus LPS in cultured astrocytes, and the pathogenic effects of CPF plus LPS in neonatal rat models were observed. The hydrogen (H 2 )-inhalation was used for treatment to explore its therapeutic potential. We found that CPF plus LPS activated the astrocyte, which increased the expressions of HMGB1, TLR4, and p-NF-κB p65, while H 2 -inhalation reduced the expressions (p < 0.05). We also found that CPF plus LPS induced long-lasting spatial memory deficits throughout brain maturation. However, H 2 -inhalation improved rat performance in these behavioral experiments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the sub-toxic concentration of CPF did not cause a significant damage in short term, but induced a severe long-term damage to the brain when combined with LPS. H 2 -inhalation reduced the neuronal damage and behavioral abnormalities caused by CPF and LPS exposure.
AB - Chlorpyrifos (CPF) may weaken the immune defenses of children, making them vulnerable to opportunistic bacterial infection. CPF combined with bacterial infection is a potential problem for children during their childhood development. However, there is a lack of studies on the joint effects of these two factors on children. Here, we assessed the effects of CPF combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the inflammation and development of the nervous system. In this study, the cell toxicity of CPF plus LPS in cultured astrocytes, and the pathogenic effects of CPF plus LPS in neonatal rat models were observed. The hydrogen (H 2 )-inhalation was used for treatment to explore its therapeutic potential. We found that CPF plus LPS activated the astrocyte, which increased the expressions of HMGB1, TLR4, and p-NF-κB p65, while H 2 -inhalation reduced the expressions (p < 0.05). We also found that CPF plus LPS induced long-lasting spatial memory deficits throughout brain maturation. However, H 2 -inhalation improved rat performance in these behavioral experiments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the sub-toxic concentration of CPF did not cause a significant damage in short term, but induced a severe long-term damage to the brain when combined with LPS. H 2 -inhalation reduced the neuronal damage and behavioral abnormalities caused by CPF and LPS exposure.
KW - Astrocyte activation
KW - Chlorpyrifos
KW - Lipopolysaccharide
KW - Nervous system development
KW - Toll-like receptor4
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85054010946&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85054010946&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.tox.2018.09.008
DO - 10.1016/j.tox.2018.09.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 30236991
AN - SCOPUS:85054010946
SN - 0300-483X
VL - 410
SP - 106
EP - 115
JO - Toxicology
JF - Toxicology
ER -