Exploring the Role of G Protein Expression in Sodium Butyrate-Enhanced Pancreas Development of Dairy Calves: A Proteomic Perspective

The present study evaluated the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation on exocrine and endocrine pancreatic development in dairy calves. Fourteen male Holstein calves were alimented with either milk or milk supplemented with SB for 70 days. Pancreases were collected for analysis including staining, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and proteomics. Results indicated increased development in the SB group with increases in organ size, protein levels, and cell growth. There were also exocrine enhancements manifested as higher enzyme activities and gene expressions along with larger zymogen granules. Endocrine benefits included elevated gene expression, more insulin secretion, and larger islets, indicating a rise in β-cell proliferation. Proteomics and pathway analyses pinpointed the G protein subunit alpha-15 as a pivotal factor in pancreatic and insulin secretion pathways. Overall, SB supplementation enhances pancreatic development by promoting its exocrine and endocrine functions through G protein regulation in dairy calves.