Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory markers, such as hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), have been reported to be related to peripheral artery disease (PAD). Galectin-3, a biomarker of fibrosis, has been linked to vascular remodeling and atherogenesis. However, its prospective association with incident PAD is unknown; as is the influence of inflammation on the association between galectin-3 and PAD. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In 9851 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study participants free of PAD at baseline (1996–1998), we quantified the association of galactin-3 and hs-CRP with incident PAD (hospitalizations with PAD diagnosis [International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision: 440.2–440.4] or leg revascularization [eg, International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision: 38.18]) as well as its severe form, critical limb ischemia (PAD cases with resting pain, ulcer, gangrene, or leg amputation) using Cox models. Over a median follow-up of 17.4 years, there were 316 cases of PAD including 119 critical limb ischemia cases. Log-transformed galectin-3 was associated with incident PAD (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.17 [1.05–1.31] per 1 SD increment) and critical limb ischemia (1.25 [1.05–1.49] per 1 SD increment). The association was slightly attenuated after further adjusting for hs-CRP (1.14 [1.02–1.27] and 1.22 [1.02–1.45], respectively). Log-transformed hs-CRP demonstrated robust associations with PAD and critical limb ischemia even after adjusting for galectin-3 (adjusted hazard ratio per 1 SD increment 1.34 [1.18–1.52] and 1.34 [1.09–1.65], respectively). The addition of galectin-3 and hs-CRP to traditional atherosclerotic predictors (C statistic of the base model 0.843 [0.815–0.871]) improved the risk prediction of PAD (ΔC statistics, 0.011 [0.002–0.020]). CONCLUSIONS: Galectin-3 and hs-CRP were independently associated with incident PAD in the general population, supporting the involvement of fibrosis and inflammation in the pathophysiology of PAD.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 2322-2331 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology |
Volume | 40 |
Issue number | 9 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Sep 1 2020 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2020 American Heart Association, Inc.
Funding
The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study has been funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract Nos. (HHSN268201700001I, HHSN268201700003I, HHSN268201700005I, HHSN268201700004I, HHSN268201700002I). K. Matsushita was supported by a grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R21HL133694). C.M. Ballantyne was supported by National Institutes of Health R01-HL134320.
Funders | Funder number |
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National Institutes of Health (NIH) | |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | HHSN268201700003I, HHSN268201700004I, HHSN268201700005I, R01-HL134320, HHSN268201700001I, HHSN268201700002I |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | |
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) | R21HL133694, R01HL134320 |
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) |
Keywords
- epidemiology
- fibrosis
- inflammation
- peripheral arterial disease
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine