Free radical-mediated transgene inactivation of macrophages by endotoxin

Endotoxin, the lipopolysaccharide component of gram-negative bacteria, is a common contaminant of plasmid DNA preparations. The present study investigated the effect of endotoxin on gene transfection efficiency and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. Gene transfection studies were performed in various cell types with cytomegalovirus-luciferase as a reporter plasmid and cationic liposome as a transfecting agent. The presence of endotoxin in plasmid DNA preparations severely limited transgene expression in macrophages but had little or no effect in other cell types tested. This decreased transfection was dependent on ROS-mediated cellular toxicity induced by endotoxin. Neutralizing the endotoxin by the addition of polymyxin B effectively increased transfection efficiency and reduced toxicity. Electron spin resonance studies confirmed the formation of ROS in endotoxintreated cells and their inhibition by free radical scavengers. The ROS scavenger N-t-butyl-α-phenylnitrone, the H₂O₂ scavenger catalase, and the OH scavenger sodium formate effectively inhibited endotoxin-induced effects, whereas the O₂/^- scavenger superoxide dismutase had lesser effects. These results indicate that multiple oxidative species are involved in the transfection inactivation process and that OH formed by H₂O₂-dependent, metal-catalyzed Fenton reaction play a major role in this process.