Gender differences in urothelial bladder cancer: Effects of natural killer lymphocyte immunity

Charles T. Lutz; Lydia Livas; Steven R. Presnell; Morgan Sexton; Peng Wang

doi:10.3390/jcm10215163

Gender differences in urothelial bladder cancer: Effects of natural killer lymphocyte immunity

Charles T. Lutz, Lydia Livas, Steven R. Presnell, Morgan Sexton, Peng Wang

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

6 Scopus citations

Abstract

Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to better understand cancer and to better treat both men and women. In this review, we discuss factors that may cause this gender difference, focusing on urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) pathogenesis. We consider physiological factors that may cause higher male cancer rates, including differences in X chromosome gene expression. We discuss how androgens may promote bladder cancer development directly by stimulating bladder urothelium and indirectly by suppressing immunity. We are particularly interested in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in anti-cancer immunity.

Original language	English
Article number	5163
Journal	Journal of Clinical Medicine
Volume	10
Issue number	21
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215163
State	Published - Nov 1 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Funding: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky. The UK Flow Cytometry and Immune Monitoring core facility is supported in part by the Office of the Vice President for Research, the Markey Cancer Center, and an NCI Center Core Support Grant (P30 CA177558) to the University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center.

Funding Information:
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky. The UK Flow Cytometry and Immune Monitoring core facility is supported in part by the Office of the Vice President for Research, the Markey Cancer Center, and an NCI Center Core Support Grant (P30 CA177558) to the University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords

Androgens
Immunosuppression
Natural killer cells
Sex factors
Urothelial bladder cancer
X chromosome

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Medicine (all)

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.3390/jcm10215163

Cite this

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abstract = "Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to better understand cancer and to better treat both men and women. In this review, we discuss factors that may cause this gender difference, focusing on urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) pathogenesis. We consider physiological factors that may cause higher male cancer rates, including differences in X chromosome gene expression. We discuss how androgens may promote bladder cancer development directly by stimulating bladder urothelium and indirectly by suppressing immunity. We are particularly interested in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in anti-cancer immunity.",

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note = "Funding Information: Funding: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky. The UK Flow Cytometry and Immune Monitoring core facility is supported in part by the Office of the Vice President for Research, the Markey Cancer Center, and an NCI Center Core Support Grant (P30 CA177558) to the University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center. Funding Information: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky. The UK Flow Cytometry and Immune Monitoring core facility is supported in part by the Office of the Vice President for Research, the Markey Cancer Center, and an NCI Center Core Support Grant (P30 CA177558) to the University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",

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AU - Sexton, Morgan

AU - Wang, Peng

N1 - Funding Information: Funding: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky. The UK Flow Cytometry and Immune Monitoring core facility is supported in part by the Office of the Vice President for Research, the Markey Cancer Center, and an NCI Center Core Support Grant (P30 CA177558) to the University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center. Funding Information: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky. The UK Flow Cytometry and Immune Monitoring core facility is supported in part by the Office of the Vice President for Research, the Markey Cancer Center, and an NCI Center Core Support Grant (P30 CA177558) to the University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

PY - 2021/11/1

Y1 - 2021/11/1

N2 - Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to better understand cancer and to better treat both men and women. In this review, we discuss factors that may cause this gender difference, focusing on urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) pathogenesis. We consider physiological factors that may cause higher male cancer rates, including differences in X chromosome gene expression. We discuss how androgens may promote bladder cancer development directly by stimulating bladder urothelium and indirectly by suppressing immunity. We are particularly interested in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in anti-cancer immunity.

AB - Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to better understand cancer and to better treat both men and women. In this review, we discuss factors that may cause this gender difference, focusing on urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) pathogenesis. We consider physiological factors that may cause higher male cancer rates, including differences in X chromosome gene expression. We discuss how androgens may promote bladder cancer development directly by stimulating bladder urothelium and indirectly by suppressing immunity. We are particularly interested in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in anti-cancer immunity.

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KW - Immunosuppression

KW - Natural killer cells

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KW - X chromosome

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Gender differences in urothelial bladder cancer: Effects of natural killer lymphocyte immunity

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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