Integrated clinical genetics/syndromology for the orthodontist

This chapter aims to educate dental clinicians, especially those who see children and adolescents such as orthodontists and pediatric dentists, in the valuable role that a clinical geneticist can play in the diagnosis and treatment of their patients. The question of when a patient case should be referred to a clinical geneticist is discussed, followed by a review of selected syndromes that may affect the craniofacial region and the oral tissues. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and its integration into modern science by way of multiple medical specialties, including genetics, has helped transform the next generation of clinical practice. AI is increasingly used for clinical diagnosis, including with facial analysis as part of recognizing a variety of developmental/genetic conditions. The chapter closes with lists of selected syndromes that may be associated with traits such as premature tooth exfoliation, delayed tooth eruption, hypodontia/oligodontia, mandibular deficiency, cleft lip and palate, and so on.