Johnson-Nyquist noise effects in neutron electric-dipole-moment experiments

N. J. Ayres; G. Ban; G. Bison; K. Bodek; V. Bondar; P. J. Chiu; B. Clement; C. B. Crawford; M. Daum; S. Emmenegger; M. Fertl; A. Fratangelo; W. C. Griffith; Z. D. Grujić; P. G. Harris; K. Kirch; P. A. Koss; B. Lauss; T. Lefort; P. Mohanmurthy; O. Naviliat-Cuncic; D. Pais; F. M. Piegsa; G. Pignol; D. Rebreyend; I. Rienäcker; D. Ries; S. Roccia; K. U. Ross; D. Rozpedzik; P. Schmidt-Wellenburg; A. Schnabel; N. Severijns; B. Shen; R. Tavakoli Dinani; J. A. Thorne; R. Virot; N. Yazdandoost; J. Zejma; G. Zsigmond

doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.103.062801

Johnson-Nyquist noise effects in neutron electric-dipole-moment experiments

N. J. Ayres, G. Ban, G. Bison, K. Bodek, V. Bondar, P. J. Chiu, B. Clement, C. B. Crawford, M. Daum, S. Emmenegger, M. Fertl, A. Fratangelo, W. C. Griffith, Z. D. Grujić, P. G. Harris, K. Kirch, P. A. Koss, B. Lauss, T. Lefort, P. MohanmurthyO. Naviliat-Cuncic, D. Pais, F. M. Piegsa, G. Pignol, D. Rebreyend, I. Rienäcker, D. Ries, S. Roccia, K. U. Ross, D. Rozpedzik, P. Schmidt-Wellenburg, A. Schnabel, N. Severijns, B. Shen, R. Tavakoli Dinani, J. A. Thorne, R. Virot, N. Yazdandoost, J. Zejma, G. Zsigmond

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2 Scopus citations

Abstract

Magnetic Johnson-Nyquist noise (JNN) originating from metal electrodes, used to create a static electric field in neutron electric-dipole-moment (nEDM) experiments, may limit the sensitivity of measurements. We present here a dedicated study on JNN applied to a large-scale long-measurement-time experiment with the implementation of a comagnetometry. In this study, we derive surface- and volume-averaged root-mean-square normal noise amplitudes at a certain frequency bandwidth for a cylindrical geometry. In addition, we model the source of noise as a finite number of current dipoles and demonstrate a method to simulate temporal and three-dimensional spatial dependencies of JNN. The calculations are applied to estimate the impact of JNN on measurements with the new apparatus, n2EDM, at the Paul Scherrer Institute. We demonstrate that the performances of the optically pumped Cs133 magnetometers and Hg199 comagnetometers, which will be used in the apparatus, are not limited by JNN. Further, we find that, in measurements deploying a comagnetometer system, the impact of JNN is negligible for nEDM searches down to a sensitivity of 4×10-28ecm in a single measurement; therefore, the use of economically and mechanically favored solid aluminum electrodes is possible.

Original language	English
Article number	062801
Journal	Physical Review A
Volume	103
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.103.062801
State	Published - Jun 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We would like to thank A. Crivellin and M. Spira for helpful discussions. We are grateful for the technical support from P. Hömmen and R. Körber with the material measurements in BMSR-2, PTB, Berlin. The material measurements inside BMSR-2 were supported by the Core Facility “Metrology of Ultra-Low Magnetic Fields” at PTB funded by Deutsche Forshungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through funding codes DFG KO 5321/3-1 and TR408/11-1. The swiss members acknowledge the financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation through Projects No. 157079, No. 163413, No. 169596, No. 188700 (all PSI), No. 181996 (Bern), No. 172639 (ETH), and No. FLARE20FL21-186179. This work has also been supported by the Cluster of Excellence “Precision Physics, Fundamental Interactions, and Structure of Matter” (PRISMA EXC 2118/1) funded by DFG within the German Excellence Strategy (Project ID 39083149) from Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. This work is also supported by Sigma Xi Grants No. G2017100190747806 and No. G2019100190747806, and by the award of the Swiss Government Excellence Scholarships (SERI-FCS) No. 2015.0594. The group from Jagellionian University Cracow acknowledges the support from National Science Centre, Poland, through Grants No. 2018/30/M/ST2/00319, and No. 2020/37/B/ST2/02349. The group from University of Leuven acknowledges supports from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 American Physical Society.

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

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10.1103/PhysRevA.103.062801

Cite this

Ayres, N. J., Ban, G., Bison, G., Bodek, K., Bondar, V., Chiu, P. J., Clement, B., Crawford, C. B., Daum, M., Emmenegger, S., Fertl, M., Fratangelo, A., Griffith, W. C., Grujić, Z. D., Harris, P. G., Kirch, K., Koss, P. A., Lauss, B., Lefort, T., ... Zsigmond, G. (2021). Johnson-Nyquist noise effects in neutron electric-dipole-moment experiments. Physical Review A, 103(6), [062801]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.103.062801

@article{943738eb33cf486dbc0ca75a5059a489,

title = "Johnson-Nyquist noise effects in neutron electric-dipole-moment experiments",

abstract = "Magnetic Johnson-Nyquist noise (JNN) originating from metal electrodes, used to create a static electric field in neutron electric-dipole-moment (nEDM) experiments, may limit the sensitivity of measurements. We present here a dedicated study on JNN applied to a large-scale long-measurement-time experiment with the implementation of a comagnetometry. In this study, we derive surface- and volume-averaged root-mean-square normal noise amplitudes at a certain frequency bandwidth for a cylindrical geometry. In addition, we model the source of noise as a finite number of current dipoles and demonstrate a method to simulate temporal and three-dimensional spatial dependencies of JNN. The calculations are applied to estimate the impact of JNN on measurements with the new apparatus, n2EDM, at the Paul Scherrer Institute. We demonstrate that the performances of the optically pumped Cs133 magnetometers and Hg199 comagnetometers, which will be used in the apparatus, are not limited by JNN. Further, we find that, in measurements deploying a comagnetometer system, the impact of JNN is negligible for nEDM searches down to a sensitivity of 4×10-28ecm in a single measurement; therefore, the use of economically and mechanically favored solid aluminum electrodes is possible.",

author = "Ayres, {N. J.} and G. Ban and G. Bison and K. Bodek and V. Bondar and Chiu, {P. J.} and B. Clement and Crawford, {C. B.} and M. Daum and S. Emmenegger and M. Fertl and A. Fratangelo and Griffith, {W. C.} and Gruji{\'c}, {Z. D.} and Harris, {P. G.} and K. Kirch and Koss, {P. A.} and B. Lauss and T. Lefort and P. Mohanmurthy and O. Naviliat-Cuncic and D. Pais and Piegsa, {F. M.} and G. Pignol and D. Rebreyend and I. Rien{\"a}cker and D. Ries and S. Roccia and Ross, {K. U.} and D. Rozpedzik and P. Schmidt-Wellenburg and A. Schnabel and N. Severijns and B. Shen and {Tavakoli Dinani}, R. and Thorne, {J. A.} and R. Virot and N. Yazdandoost and J. Zejma and G. Zsigmond",

note = "Funding Information: We would like to thank A. Crivellin and M. Spira for helpful discussions. We are grateful for the technical support from P. H{\"o}mmen and R. K{\"o}rber with the material measurements in BMSR-2, PTB, Berlin. The material measurements inside BMSR-2 were supported by the Core Facility “Metrology of Ultra-Low Magnetic Fields” at PTB funded by Deutsche Forshungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through funding codes DFG KO 5321/3-1 and TR408/11-1. The swiss members acknowledge the financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation through Projects No. 157079, No. 163413, No. 169596, No. 188700 (all PSI), No. 181996 (Bern), No. 172639 (ETH), and No. FLARE20FL21-186179. This work has also been supported by the Cluster of Excellence “Precision Physics, Fundamental Interactions, and Structure of Matter” (PRISMA EXC 2118/1) funded by DFG within the German Excellence Strategy (Project ID 39083149) from Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. This work is also supported by Sigma Xi Grants No. G2017100190747806 and No. G2019100190747806, and by the award of the Swiss Government Excellence Scholarships (SERI-FCS) No. 2015.0594. The group from Jagellionian University Cracow acknowledges the support from National Science Centre, Poland, through Grants No. 2018/30/M/ST2/00319, and No. 2020/37/B/ST2/02349. The group from University of Leuven acknowledges supports from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 American Physical Society.",

year = "2021",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1103/PhysRevA.103.062801",

language = "English",

volume = "103",

number = "6",

}

Ayres, NJ, Ban, G, Bison, G, Bodek, K, Bondar, V, Chiu, PJ, Clement, B, Crawford, CB, Daum, M, Emmenegger, S, Fertl, M, Fratangelo, A, Griffith, WC, Grujić, ZD, Harris, PG, Kirch, K, Koss, PA, Lauss, B, Lefort, T, Mohanmurthy, P, Naviliat-Cuncic, O, Pais, D, Piegsa, FM, Pignol, G, Rebreyend, D, Rienäcker, I, Ries, D, Roccia, S, Ross, KU, Rozpedzik, D, Schmidt-Wellenburg, P, Schnabel, A, Severijns, N, Shen, B, Tavakoli Dinani, R, Thorne, JA, Virot, R, Yazdandoost, N, Zejma, J & Zsigmond, G 2021, 'Johnson-Nyquist noise effects in neutron electric-dipole-moment experiments', Physical Review A, vol. 103, no. 6, 062801. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.103.062801

TY - JOUR

T1 - Johnson-Nyquist noise effects in neutron electric-dipole-moment experiments

AU - Ayres, N. J.

AU - Ban, G.

AU - Bison, G.

AU - Bodek, K.

AU - Bondar, V.

AU - Chiu, P. J.

AU - Clement, B.

AU - Crawford, C. B.

AU - Daum, M.

AU - Emmenegger, S.

AU - Fertl, M.

AU - Fratangelo, A.

AU - Griffith, W. C.

AU - Grujić, Z. D.

AU - Harris, P. G.

AU - Kirch, K.

AU - Koss, P. A.

AU - Lauss, B.

AU - Lefort, T.

AU - Mohanmurthy, P.

AU - Naviliat-Cuncic, O.

AU - Pais, D.

AU - Piegsa, F. M.

AU - Pignol, G.

AU - Rebreyend, D.

AU - Rienäcker, I.

AU - Ries, D.

AU - Roccia, S.

AU - Ross, K. U.

AU - Rozpedzik, D.

AU - Schmidt-Wellenburg, P.

AU - Schnabel, A.

AU - Severijns, N.

AU - Shen, B.

AU - Tavakoli Dinani, R.

AU - Thorne, J. A.

AU - Virot, R.

AU - Yazdandoost, N.

AU - Zejma, J.

AU - Zsigmond, G.

N1 - Funding Information: We would like to thank A. Crivellin and M. Spira for helpful discussions. We are grateful for the technical support from P. Hömmen and R. Körber with the material measurements in BMSR-2, PTB, Berlin. The material measurements inside BMSR-2 were supported by the Core Facility “Metrology of Ultra-Low Magnetic Fields” at PTB funded by Deutsche Forshungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through funding codes DFG KO 5321/3-1 and TR408/11-1. The swiss members acknowledge the financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation through Projects No. 157079, No. 163413, No. 169596, No. 188700 (all PSI), No. 181996 (Bern), No. 172639 (ETH), and No. FLARE20FL21-186179. This work has also been supported by the Cluster of Excellence “Precision Physics, Fundamental Interactions, and Structure of Matter” (PRISMA EXC 2118/1) funded by DFG within the German Excellence Strategy (Project ID 39083149) from Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. This work is also supported by Sigma Xi Grants No. G2017100190747806 and No. G2019100190747806, and by the award of the Swiss Government Excellence Scholarships (SERI-FCS) No. 2015.0594. The group from Jagellionian University Cracow acknowledges the support from National Science Centre, Poland, through Grants No. 2018/30/M/ST2/00319, and No. 2020/37/B/ST2/02349. The group from University of Leuven acknowledges supports from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 American Physical Society.

PY - 2021/6

Y1 - 2021/6

N2 - Magnetic Johnson-Nyquist noise (JNN) originating from metal electrodes, used to create a static electric field in neutron electric-dipole-moment (nEDM) experiments, may limit the sensitivity of measurements. We present here a dedicated study on JNN applied to a large-scale long-measurement-time experiment with the implementation of a comagnetometry. In this study, we derive surface- and volume-averaged root-mean-square normal noise amplitudes at a certain frequency bandwidth for a cylindrical geometry. In addition, we model the source of noise as a finite number of current dipoles and demonstrate a method to simulate temporal and three-dimensional spatial dependencies of JNN. The calculations are applied to estimate the impact of JNN on measurements with the new apparatus, n2EDM, at the Paul Scherrer Institute. We demonstrate that the performances of the optically pumped Cs133 magnetometers and Hg199 comagnetometers, which will be used in the apparatus, are not limited by JNN. Further, we find that, in measurements deploying a comagnetometer system, the impact of JNN is negligible for nEDM searches down to a sensitivity of 4×10-28ecm in a single measurement; therefore, the use of economically and mechanically favored solid aluminum electrodes is possible.

AB - Magnetic Johnson-Nyquist noise (JNN) originating from metal electrodes, used to create a static electric field in neutron electric-dipole-moment (nEDM) experiments, may limit the sensitivity of measurements. We present here a dedicated study on JNN applied to a large-scale long-measurement-time experiment with the implementation of a comagnetometry. In this study, we derive surface- and volume-averaged root-mean-square normal noise amplitudes at a certain frequency bandwidth for a cylindrical geometry. In addition, we model the source of noise as a finite number of current dipoles and demonstrate a method to simulate temporal and three-dimensional spatial dependencies of JNN. The calculations are applied to estimate the impact of JNN on measurements with the new apparatus, n2EDM, at the Paul Scherrer Institute. We demonstrate that the performances of the optically pumped Cs133 magnetometers and Hg199 comagnetometers, which will be used in the apparatus, are not limited by JNN. Further, we find that, in measurements deploying a comagnetometer system, the impact of JNN is negligible for nEDM searches down to a sensitivity of 4×10-28ecm in a single measurement; therefore, the use of economically and mechanically favored solid aluminum electrodes is possible.

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ER -

Johnson-Nyquist noise effects in neutron electric-dipole-moment experiments

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