Living labs for a mobile app-based health program: effectiveness of a 24-week walking intervention for cardiovascular disease risk reduction among female Korean-Chinese migrant workers: a randomized controlled trial

Background: The risk of Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) among adult populations is influenced by environmental factors, and immigrant populations tend to be more vulnerable. This study examined the effectiveness of a 24-week walking program based on social-cognitive determinants through mobile app for CVD risk reduction among female Korean-Chinese middle-aged workers. Methods: This study used a parallel randomized controlled trial. Participants were recruited by distributing posters and flyers and randomly assigned to either the standard treatment (ST, n = 22) or enhanced treatment group (ET, n = 28). Participants were provided with a mobile app linked to Fitbit Alta for 24 weeks and instructed to walk at least 30 minutes five times a week and moderate-intensity physical activity. The ET group had additional interventions that enhanced social-cognitive determinants such as self-efficacy, social support. All participants were guided to voluntary physical activity during the 12-week maintenance period. Data were analyzed by the Mann Whitney U-test and a generalized estimating equation. Results: There were significant between-group differences regarding the number of steps (B = 1.295, P <.001) and moderate physical activity time (OR = 6.396, P =.030) at week 12. ET group had significant changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (B = 10.522, P =.007), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (B = -16.178, P =.024), total cholesterol (B = -20.325, P =.039), fasting blood sugar (B = − 8.138, P = -.046). In addition, there was a significant reduction of 10-year CVD risk for the ET group over 12 weeks compared to the ST group (B = -0.521, P<. 001). Conclusions: Long-term studies are needed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in large-scale migrant workers and to confirm the direct and insdirect effects of social-cognitive determinants on health outcomes. Trial registration: The trial was retrospectively registered in WHO ICTRP (KCT0006467) August 19th, 2021. (https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=KCT0006467,