Magnetic sources in the Earth’s mantle

Since the 1970s, ferromagnetic minerals were believed to be absent in the Earth’s mantle and, even if present, the temperatures were considered too high for such phases to carry magnetic remanence. However, new experimental data, measurements on mantle xenoliths and an improved understanding of long-wavelength features in aeromagnetic data require that the magnetization of the mantle be revisited. In this Review, we examine mantle magnetism through the xenolith record, evaluate the latest experimental advances, assess detection methods of deep-seated mantle sources and identify salient, unsolved questions about magnetic sources in the Earth’s mantle. Critically, magnetic data on a worldwide collection of mantle xenoliths have revealed that pure magnetite is common in the uppermost mantle (<150 km), particularly in subduction zones and cratons. Furthermore, experiments on haematite and its polymorphs suggest that they could carry a magnetic remanence down to ~600 km, for example, in cold, subducted slabs. Finally, modern spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data confirms that a magnetized layer is present below the crust–mantle boundary in multiple tectonic settings. Future work needs to explore the magnetic minerals in the deepest available mantle xenoliths (150–660 km), in conjunction with experiments on mantle materials at pressures corresponding to these depths.