Marangoni Flow Driven via Hole Structure of Soluble Acene–Polymer Blends for Selective Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing

Jung Hun Lee; Seunghan Lee; Hoonkyung Lee; Hyun Ho Choi; Huijeong Chae; Youngnan Kim; Seok Joo Yang; John E. Anthony; Ho Won Jang; Sang Min Won; Wi Hyoung Lee

doi:10.1002/adfm.202215215

Marangoni Flow Driven via Hole Structure of Soluble Acene–Polymer Blends for Selective Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing

Jung Hun Lee, Seunghan Lee, Hoonkyung Lee, Hyun Ho Choi, Huijeong Chae, Youngnan Kim, Seok Joo Yang, John E. Anthony, Ho Won Jang, Sang Min Won, Wi Hyoung Lee

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5 Scopus citations

Abstract

The correlations between semiconductor type and gas sensing properties in soluble acene/polymer blends have not yet been examined. Here, the phase separation mechanism in pseudo-liquid phase blend film is investigated and an unusual solid-state morphology that is effective for amperometric gas sensing performance is demonstrated. In 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS–pentacene)/poly(fluorine-co-triarylamine) (PTAA) blend, two phases are uniformly mixed, without being completely phase-separated due to the similar solubility and surface tension. On the other hand, in 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF–TES ADT)/PTAA blend, the diF−TES ADT molecules are segregated both at the air–film, and film–substrate interfaces, and subsequently crystallized with a high degree of crystal perfection. In the meanwhile, Marangoni-flow induces crater-like via hole structure of PTAA at the middle layer. In situ measurement of (ultraviolet–visible) UV–vis absorption spectra and computational calculation reveal kinetics of liquid–solid–crystal transition in relation to the functional groups of soluble acene. Interestingly, flow driven hole structure of PTAA in diF–TES ADT/PTAA blend film allows the target NO₂ gas to selectively penetrate the channel region, thereby enhancing sensitivity toward NO₂, while decreasing affinity with other gases. The results provide protocols for fabricating highlperformance field-effect transistors and gas sensors in a blending system.

Original language	English
Article number	2215215
Journal	Advanced Functional Materials
Volume	33
Issue number	28
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202215215
State	Published - Jul 11 2023

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Funding

This work was supported by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) grant funded by the Korea Government (MOTIE) (P0012770) and grant from the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2023‐00208902). 2,8‐difluoro‐5,11‐bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF−TES ADT) and 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS–pentacene) were synthesized and provided by the Anthony groups, with support from the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement No. 1 849 213. Poly(triaryl amine) (PTAA) was purchased from Ossila, and 1,2‐dichlorobenzene was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. A silicon wafer containing thermally grown SiO (thickness of 300 nm) was purchased from Fine Science. The diF−TES ADT/PTAA (1:1 w/w) blended solutions (20 mg mL) and TIPS–pentacene/PTAA (1:1 w/w) blended solutions (20 mg mL) were spin‐cast onto the SiO/Si substrates at 1000 rpm s for 80 and 50 s, respectively (at room temperature (RT), and in ambient air). After the spin coating was completed, the samples were immediately placed in separate Petri dishes, and wrapped with aluminum foil to prevent light illumination, and to induce slow evaporation of the solvent in ambient air. For the top‐contact OFET devices, Au source–drain electrodes (channel length: 100 µm and width: 2000 µm) were thermally evaporated through a shadow mask. After the source and drain electrodes deposition, each device was electrically isolated by a mechanical scratch. The Ag wires at each source and drain electrodes were electrically wired to characterize the gas sensor. To selectively remove the diF−TES ADT and TIPS–pentacene layers, the diF−TES ADT/PTAA and TIPS–pentacene/PTAA blend films were immersed in ‐hexane for one day. 2 −1 −1 2 −1 n

Funders	Funder number
National Science Foundation (NSF)	1 849 213
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy	P0012770
Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning	2023‐00208902
Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology
National Research Foundation of Korea

Keywords

Marangoni flow
gas sensors
organic field-effect transistors
phase separation
soluble acene/PTAA blends

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
General Chemistry
Biomaterials
General Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Electrochemistry

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10.1002/adfm.202215215

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title = "Marangoni Flow Driven via Hole Structure of Soluble Acene–Polymer Blends for Selective Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing",

abstract = "The correlations between semiconductor type and gas sensing properties in soluble acene/polymer blends have not yet been examined. Here, the phase separation mechanism in pseudo-liquid phase blend film is investigated and an unusual solid-state morphology that is effective for amperometric gas sensing performance is demonstrated. In 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS–pentacene)/poly(fluorine-co-triarylamine) (PTAA) blend, two phases are uniformly mixed, without being completely phase-separated due to the similar solubility and surface tension. On the other hand, in 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF–TES ADT)/PTAA blend, the diF−TES ADT molecules are segregated both at the air–film, and film–substrate interfaces, and subsequently crystallized with a high degree of crystal perfection. In the meanwhile, Marangoni-flow induces crater-like via hole structure of PTAA at the middle layer. In situ measurement of (ultraviolet–visible) UV–vis absorption spectra and computational calculation reveal kinetics of liquid–solid–crystal transition in relation to the functional groups of soluble acene. Interestingly, flow driven hole structure of PTAA in diF–TES ADT/PTAA blend film allows the target NO2 gas to selectively penetrate the channel region, thereby enhancing sensitivity toward NO2, while decreasing affinity with other gases. The results provide protocols for fabricating highlperformance field-effect transistors and gas sensors in a blending system.",

keywords = "Marangoni flow, gas sensors, organic field-effect transistors, phase separation, soluble acene/PTAA blends",

author = "Lee, {Jung Hun} and Seunghan Lee and Hoonkyung Lee and Choi, {Hyun Ho} and Huijeong Chae and Youngnan Kim and Yang, {Seok Joo} and Anthony, {John E.} and Jang, {Ho Won} and Won, {Sang Min} and Lee, {Wi Hyoung}",

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AU - Lee, Jung Hun

AU - Lee, Seunghan

AU - Lee, Hoonkyung

AU - Choi, Hyun Ho

AU - Chae, Huijeong

AU - Kim, Youngnan

AU - Yang, Seok Joo

AU - Anthony, John E.

AU - Jang, Ho Won

AU - Won, Sang Min

AU - Lee, Wi Hyoung

PY - 2023/7/11

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N2 - The correlations between semiconductor type and gas sensing properties in soluble acene/polymer blends have not yet been examined. Here, the phase separation mechanism in pseudo-liquid phase blend film is investigated and an unusual solid-state morphology that is effective for amperometric gas sensing performance is demonstrated. In 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS–pentacene)/poly(fluorine-co-triarylamine) (PTAA) blend, two phases are uniformly mixed, without being completely phase-separated due to the similar solubility and surface tension. On the other hand, in 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF–TES ADT)/PTAA blend, the diF−TES ADT molecules are segregated both at the air–film, and film–substrate interfaces, and subsequently crystallized with a high degree of crystal perfection. In the meanwhile, Marangoni-flow induces crater-like via hole structure of PTAA at the middle layer. In situ measurement of (ultraviolet–visible) UV–vis absorption spectra and computational calculation reveal kinetics of liquid–solid–crystal transition in relation to the functional groups of soluble acene. Interestingly, flow driven hole structure of PTAA in diF–TES ADT/PTAA blend film allows the target NO2 gas to selectively penetrate the channel region, thereby enhancing sensitivity toward NO2, while decreasing affinity with other gases. The results provide protocols for fabricating highlperformance field-effect transistors and gas sensors in a blending system.

AB - The correlations between semiconductor type and gas sensing properties in soluble acene/polymer blends have not yet been examined. Here, the phase separation mechanism in pseudo-liquid phase blend film is investigated and an unusual solid-state morphology that is effective for amperometric gas sensing performance is demonstrated. In 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS–pentacene)/poly(fluorine-co-triarylamine) (PTAA) blend, two phases are uniformly mixed, without being completely phase-separated due to the similar solubility and surface tension. On the other hand, in 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF–TES ADT)/PTAA blend, the diF−TES ADT molecules are segregated both at the air–film, and film–substrate interfaces, and subsequently crystallized with a high degree of crystal perfection. In the meanwhile, Marangoni-flow induces crater-like via hole structure of PTAA at the middle layer. In situ measurement of (ultraviolet–visible) UV–vis absorption spectra and computational calculation reveal kinetics of liquid–solid–crystal transition in relation to the functional groups of soluble acene. Interestingly, flow driven hole structure of PTAA in diF–TES ADT/PTAA blend film allows the target NO2 gas to selectively penetrate the channel region, thereby enhancing sensitivity toward NO2, while decreasing affinity with other gases. The results provide protocols for fabricating highlperformance field-effect transistors and gas sensors in a blending system.

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KW - organic field-effect transistors

KW - phase separation

KW - soluble acene/PTAA blends

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VL - 33

JO - Advanced Functional Materials

JF - Advanced Functional Materials

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M1 - 2215215

ER -

Marangoni Flow Driven via Hole Structure of Soluble Acene–Polymer Blends for Selective Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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