Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode

O. Njoya; T. Tsang; M. Tarka; W. Fairbank; K. S. Kumar; T. Rao; T. Wager; S. Al Kharusi; G. Anton; I. J. Arnquist; I. Badhrees; P. S. Barbeau; D. Beck; V. Belov; T. Bhatta; J. P. Brodsky; E. Brown; T. Brunner; E. Caden; G. F. Cao; L. Cao; W. R. Cen; C. Chambers; B. Chana; S. A. Charlebois; M. Chiu; B. Cleveland; M. Coon; A. Craycraft; J. Dalmasson; T. Daniels; L. Darroch; S. J. Daugherty; A. De; A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian; R. DeVoe; M. L. Di Vacri; J. Dilling; Y. Y. Ding; M. J. Dolinski; A. Dragone; J. Echevers; M. Elbeltagi; L. Fabris; D. Fairbank; J. Farine; S. Ferrara; S. Feyzbakhsh; R. Fontaine; A. Fucarino; G. Gallina; P. Gautam; G. Giacomini; D. Goeldi; R. Gornea; G. Gratta; E. V. Hansen; M. Heffner; E. W. Hoppe; J. Hößl; A. House; M. Hughes; A. Iverson; A. Jamil; M. J. Jewell; X. S. Jiang; A. Karelin; L. J. Kaufman; D. Kodroff; T. Koffas; R. Krücken; A. Kuchenkov; Y. Lan; A. Larson; K. G. Leach; B. G. Lenardo; D. S. Leonard; G. Li; S. Li; Z. Li; C. Licciardi; Y. H. Lin; P. Lv; R. MacLellan; T. McElroy; M. Medina-Peregrina; T. Michel; B. Mong; D. C. Moore; K. Murray; P. Nakarmi; C. R. Natzke; R. J. Newby; Z. Ning; F. Nolet; O. Nusair; K. Odgers; A. Odian; M. Oriunno; J. L. Orrell; G. S. Ortega; I. Ostrovskiy; C. T. Overman; S. Parent; A. Piepke; A. Pocar; J. F. Pratte; V. Radeka; E. Raguzin; S. Rescia; F. Retière; M. Richman; A. Robinson; T. Rossignol; P. C. Rowson; N. Roy; J. Runge; R. Saldanha; S. Sangiorgio; K. Skarpaas; A. K. Soma; G. St-Hilaire; V. Stekhanov; T. Stiegler; X. L. Sun; J. Todd; T. Tolba; T. I. Totev; R. Tsang; F. Vachon; V. Veeraraghavan; S. Viel; G. Visser; C. Vivo-Vilches; J. L. Vuilleumier; M. Wagenpfeil; M. Walent; Q. Wang; M. Ward; J. Watkins; M. Weber; W. Wei; L. J. Wen; U. Wichoski; S. X. Wu; W. H. Wu; X. Wu; Q. Xia; H. Yang; L. Yang; Y. R. Yen; O. Zeldovich; J. Zhao; Y. Zhou; T. Ziegler

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2020.163965

Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode

O. Njoya, T. Tsang, M. Tarka, W. Fairbank, K. S. Kumar, T. Rao, T. Wager, S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. J. Arnquist, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, J. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, T. Brunner, E. Caden, G. F. CaoL. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Chana, S. A. Charlebois, M. Chiu, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, J. Dalmasson, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, A. De, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, M. L. Di Vacri, J. Dilling, Y. Y. Ding, M. J. Dolinski, A. Dragone, J. Echevers, M. Elbeltagi, L. Fabris, D. Fairbank, J. Farine, S. Ferrara, S. Feyzbakhsh, R. Fontaine, A. Fucarino, G. Gallina, P. Gautam, G. Giacomini, D. Goeldi, R. Gornea, G. Gratta, E. V. Hansen, M. Heffner, E. W. Hoppe, J. Hößl, A. House, M. Hughes, A. Iverson, A. Jamil, M. J. Jewell, X. S. Jiang, A. Karelin, L. J. Kaufman, D. Kodroff, T. Koffas, R. Krücken, A. Kuchenkov, Y. Lan, A. Larson, K. G. Leach, B. G. Lenardo, D. S. Leonard, G. Li, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, Y. H. Lin, P. Lv, R. MacLellan, T. McElroy, M. Medina-Peregrina, T. Michel, B. Mong, D. C. Moore, K. Murray, P. Nakarmi, C. R. Natzke, R. J. Newby, Z. Ning, F. Nolet, O. Nusair, K. Odgers, A. Odian, M. Oriunno, J. L. Orrell, G. S. Ortega, I. Ostrovskiy, C. T. Overman, S. Parent, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, J. F. Pratte, V. Radeka, E. Raguzin, S. Rescia, F. Retière, M. Richman, A. Robinson, T. Rossignol, P. C. Rowson, N. Roy, J. Runge, R. Saldanha, S. Sangiorgio, K. Skarpaas, A. K. Soma, G. St-Hilaire, V. Stekhanov, T. Stiegler, X. L. Sun, J. Todd, T. Tolba, T. I. Totev, R. Tsang, F. Vachon, V. Veeraraghavan, S. Viel, G. Visser, C. Vivo-Vilches, J. L. Vuilleumier, M. Wagenpfeil, M. Walent, Q. Wang, M. Ward, J. Watkins, M. Weber, W. Wei, L. J. Wen, U. Wichoski, S. X. Wu, W. H. Wu, X. Wu, Q. Xia, H. Yang, L. Yang, Y. R. Yen, O. Zeldovich, J. Zhao, Y. Zhou, T. Ziegler

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Abstract

Measurements of electron drift properties in liquid and gaseous xenon are reported. The electrons are generated by the photoelectric effect in a semi-transparent gold photocathode driven in transmission mode with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. The charges drift and diffuse in a small chamber at various electric fields and a fixed drift distance of 2.0 cm. At an electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the measured drift velocities and corresponding temperature coefficients respectively are 1.97±0.04mm∕μs and (−0.69±0.05)%/K for liquid xenon, and 1.42±0.03mm∕μs and (+0.11±0.01)%/K for gaseous xenon at 1.5 bar. In addition, we measure longitudinal diffusion coefficients of 25.7±4.6 cm²/s and 149±23 cm²/s, for liquid and gas, respectively. The quantum efficiency of the gold photocathode is studied at the photon energy of 4.73 eV in liquid and gaseous xenon, and vacuum. These charge transport properties and the behavior of photocathodes in a xenon environment are important in designing and calibrating future large scale noble liquid detectors.

Original language	English
Article number	163965
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	972
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163965
State	Published - Aug 21 2020

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020

Funding

This work has been supported by the Offices of Nuclear and High Energy Physics within the DOE Office of Science , and NSF in the United States , by NSERC , CFI , the A. McDonald Institute — CFREF, FRQNT, and NRC in Canada , by IBS in Korea , by RFBR (18-02-00550) in Russia, and by CAS and NSFC in China. This work was supported in part by Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) programs at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) .

Funders	Funder number
A. McDonald Institute
National Science Foundation Arctic Social Science Program
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)
Laboratory Directed Research and Development
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
National Research Council Canada (NRCC)
Canada Foundation for Innovation
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
Russian Foundation for Basic Research	18-02-00550
Russian Foundation for Basic Research
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies
Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Canada First Research Excellence Fund

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Instrumentation

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10.1016/j.nima.2020.163965

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Njoya, O., Tsang, T., Tarka, M., Fairbank, W., Kumar, K. S., Rao, T., Wager, T., Kharusi, S. A., Anton, G., Arnquist, I. J., Badhrees, I., Barbeau, P. S., Beck, D., Belov, V., Bhatta, T., Brodsky, J. P., Brown, E., Brunner, T., Caden, E., ... Ziegler, T. (2020). Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 972, Article 163965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163965

@article{40ecd48d4e4d42a4b1452151e485dc79,

title = "Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode",

abstract = "Measurements of electron drift properties in liquid and gaseous xenon are reported. The electrons are generated by the photoelectric effect in a semi-transparent gold photocathode driven in transmission mode with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. The charges drift and diffuse in a small chamber at various electric fields and a fixed drift distance of 2.0 cm. At an electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the measured drift velocities and corresponding temperature coefficients respectively are 1.97±0.04mm∕μs and (−0.69±0.05)%/K for liquid xenon, and 1.42±0.03mm∕μs and (+0.11±0.01)%/K for gaseous xenon at 1.5 bar. In addition, we measure longitudinal diffusion coefficients of 25.7±4.6 cm2/s and 149±23 cm2/s, for liquid and gas, respectively. The quantum efficiency of the gold photocathode is studied at the photon energy of 4.73 eV in liquid and gaseous xenon, and vacuum. These charge transport properties and the behavior of photocathodes in a xenon environment are important in designing and calibrating future large scale noble liquid detectors.",

author = "O. Njoya and T. Tsang and M. Tarka and W. Fairbank and Kumar, {K. S.} and T. Rao and T. Wager and Kharusi, {S. Al} and G. Anton and Arnquist, {I. J.} and I. Badhrees and Barbeau, {P. S.} and D. Beck and V. Belov and T. Bhatta and Brodsky, {J. P.} and E. Brown and T. Brunner and E. Caden and Cao, {G. F.} and L. Cao and Cen, {W. R.} and C. Chambers and B. Chana and Charlebois, {S. A.} and M. Chiu and B. Cleveland and M. Coon and A. Craycraft and J. Dalmasson and T. Daniels and L. Darroch and Daugherty, {S. J.} and A. De and {Der Mesrobian-Kabakian}, A. and R. DeVoe and {Di Vacri}, {M. L.} and J. Dilling and Ding, {Y. Y.} and Dolinski, {M. J.} and A. Dragone and J. Echevers and M. Elbeltagi and L. Fabris and D. Fairbank and J. Farine and S. Ferrara and S. Feyzbakhsh and R. Fontaine and A. Fucarino and G. Gallina and P. Gautam and G. Giacomini and D. Goeldi and R. Gornea and G. Gratta and Hansen, {E. V.} and M. Heffner and Hoppe, {E. W.} and J. H{\"o}{\ss}l and A. House and M. Hughes and A. Iverson and A. Jamil and Jewell, {M. J.} and Jiang, {X. S.} and A. Karelin and Kaufman, {L. J.} and D. Kodroff and T. Koffas and R. Kr{\"u}cken and A. Kuchenkov and Y. Lan and A. Larson and Leach, {K. G.} and Lenardo, {B. G.} and Leonard, {D. S.} and G. Li and S. Li and Z. Li and C. Licciardi and Lin, {Y. H.} and P. Lv and R. MacLellan and T. McElroy and M. Medina-Peregrina and T. Michel and B. Mong and Moore, {D. C.} and K. Murray and P. Nakarmi and Natzke, {C. R.} and Newby, {R. J.} and Z. Ning and F. Nolet and O. Nusair and K. Odgers and A. Odian and M. Oriunno and Orrell, {J. L.} and Ortega, {G. S.} and I. Ostrovskiy and Overman, {C. T.} and S. Parent and A. Piepke and A. Pocar and Pratte, {J. F.} and V. Radeka and E. Raguzin and S. Rescia and F. Reti{\`e}re and M. Richman and A. Robinson and T. Rossignol and Rowson, {P. C.} and N. Roy and J. Runge and R. Saldanha and S. Sangiorgio and K. Skarpaas and Soma, {A. K.} and G. St-Hilaire and V. Stekhanov and T. Stiegler and Sun, {X. L.} and J. Todd and T. Tolba and Totev, {T. I.} and R. Tsang and F. Vachon and V. Veeraraghavan and S. Viel and G. Visser and C. Vivo-Vilches and Vuilleumier, {J. L.} and M. Wagenpfeil and M. Walent and Q. Wang and M. Ward and J. Watkins and M. Weber and W. Wei and Wen, {L. J.} and U. Wichoski and Wu, {S. X.} and Wu, {W. H.} and X. Wu and Q. Xia and H. Yang and L. Yang and Yen, {Y. R.} and O. Zeldovich and J. Zhao and Y. Zhou and T. Ziegler",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020",

year = "2020",

month = aug,

day = "21",

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2020.163965",

language = "English",

volume = "972",

}

Njoya, O, Tsang, T, Tarka, M, Fairbank, W, Kumar, KS, Rao, T, Wager, T, Kharusi, SA, Anton, G, Arnquist, IJ, Badhrees, I, Barbeau, PS, Beck, D, Belov, V, Bhatta, T, Brodsky, JP, Brown, E, Brunner, T, Caden, E, Cao, GF, Cao, L, Cen, WR, Chambers, C, Chana, B, Charlebois, SA, Chiu, M, Cleveland, B, Coon, M, Craycraft, A, Dalmasson, J, Daniels, T, Darroch, L, Daugherty, SJ, De, A, Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A, DeVoe, R, Di Vacri, ML, Dilling, J, Ding, YY, Dolinski, MJ, Dragone, A, Echevers, J, Elbeltagi, M, Fabris, L, Fairbank, D, Farine, J, Ferrara, S, Feyzbakhsh, S, Fontaine, R, Fucarino, A, Gallina, G, Gautam, P, Giacomini, G, Goeldi, D, Gornea, R, Gratta, G, Hansen, EV, Heffner, M, Hoppe, EW, Hößl, J, House, A, Hughes, M, Iverson, A, Jamil, A, Jewell, MJ, Jiang, XS, Karelin, A, Kaufman, LJ, Kodroff, D, Koffas, T, Krücken, R, Kuchenkov, A, Lan, Y, Larson, A, Leach, KG, Lenardo, BG, Leonard, DS, Li, G, Li, S, Li, Z, Licciardi, C, Lin, YH, Lv, P, MacLellan, R, McElroy, T, Medina-Peregrina, M, Michel, T, Mong, B, Moore, DC, Murray, K, Nakarmi, P, Natzke, CR, Newby, RJ, Ning, Z, Nolet, F, Nusair, O, Odgers, K, Odian, A, Oriunno, M, Orrell, JL, Ortega, GS, Ostrovskiy, I, Overman, CT, Parent, S, Piepke, A, Pocar, A, Pratte, JF, Radeka, V, Raguzin, E, Rescia, S, Retière, F, Richman, M, Robinson, A, Rossignol, T, Rowson, PC, Roy, N, Runge, J, Saldanha, R, Sangiorgio, S, Skarpaas, K, Soma, AK, St-Hilaire, G, Stekhanov, V, Stiegler, T, Sun, XL, Todd, J, Tolba, T, Totev, TI, Tsang, R, Vachon, F, Veeraraghavan, V, Viel, S, Visser, G, Vivo-Vilches, C, Vuilleumier, JL, Wagenpfeil, M, Walent, M, Wang, Q, Ward, M, Watkins, J, Weber, M, Wei, W, Wen, LJ, Wichoski, U, Wu, SX, Wu, WH, Wu, X, Xia, Q, Yang, H, Yang, L, Yen, YR, Zeldovich, O, Zhao, J, Zhou, Y & Ziegler, T 2020, 'Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 972, 163965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163965

TY - JOUR

T1 - Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode

AU - Njoya, O.

AU - Tsang, T.

AU - Tarka, M.

AU - Fairbank, W.

AU - Kumar, K. S.

AU - Rao, T.

AU - Wager, T.

AU - Kharusi, S. Al

AU - Anton, G.

AU - Arnquist, I. J.

AU - Badhrees, I.

AU - Barbeau, P. S.

AU - Beck, D.

AU - Belov, V.

AU - Bhatta, T.

AU - Brodsky, J. P.

AU - Brown, E.

AU - Brunner, T.

AU - Caden, E.

AU - Cao, G. F.

AU - Cao, L.

AU - Cen, W. R.

AU - Chambers, C.

AU - Chana, B.

AU - Charlebois, S. A.

AU - Chiu, M.

AU - Cleveland, B.

AU - Coon, M.

AU - Craycraft, A.

AU - Dalmasson, J.

AU - Daniels, T.

AU - Darroch, L.

AU - Daugherty, S. J.

AU - De, A.

AU - Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A.

AU - DeVoe, R.

AU - Di Vacri, M. L.

AU - Dilling, J.

AU - Ding, Y. Y.

AU - Dolinski, M. J.

AU - Dragone, A.

AU - Echevers, J.

AU - Elbeltagi, M.

AU - Fabris, L.

AU - Fairbank, D.

AU - Farine, J.

AU - Ferrara, S.

AU - Feyzbakhsh, S.

AU - Fontaine, R.

AU - Fucarino, A.

AU - Gallina, G.

AU - Gautam, P.

AU - Giacomini, G.

AU - Goeldi, D.

AU - Gornea, R.

AU - Gratta, G.

AU - Hansen, E. V.

AU - Heffner, M.

AU - Hoppe, E. W.

AU - Hößl, J.

AU - House, A.

AU - Hughes, M.

AU - Iverson, A.

AU - Jamil, A.

AU - Jewell, M. J.

AU - Jiang, X. S.

AU - Karelin, A.

AU - Kaufman, L. J.

AU - Kodroff, D.

AU - Koffas, T.

AU - Krücken, R.

AU - Kuchenkov, A.

AU - Lan, Y.

AU - Larson, A.

AU - Leach, K. G.

AU - Lenardo, B. G.

AU - Leonard, D. S.

AU - Li, G.

AU - Li, S.

AU - Li, Z.

AU - Licciardi, C.

AU - Lin, Y. H.

AU - Lv, P.

AU - MacLellan, R.

AU - McElroy, T.

AU - Medina-Peregrina, M.

AU - Michel, T.

AU - Mong, B.

AU - Moore, D. C.

AU - Murray, K.

AU - Nakarmi, P.

AU - Natzke, C. R.

AU - Newby, R. J.

AU - Ning, Z.

AU - Nolet, F.

AU - Nusair, O.

AU - Odgers, K.

AU - Odian, A.

AU - Oriunno, M.

AU - Orrell, J. L.

AU - Ortega, G. S.

AU - Ostrovskiy, I.

AU - Overman, C. T.

AU - Parent, S.

AU - Piepke, A.

AU - Pocar, A.

AU - Pratte, J. F.

AU - Radeka, V.

AU - Raguzin, E.

AU - Rescia, S.

AU - Retière, F.

AU - Richman, M.

AU - Robinson, A.

AU - Rossignol, T.

AU - Rowson, P. C.

AU - Roy, N.

AU - Runge, J.

AU - Saldanha, R.

AU - Sangiorgio, S.

AU - Skarpaas, K.

AU - Soma, A. K.

AU - St-Hilaire, G.

AU - Stekhanov, V.

AU - Stiegler, T.

AU - Sun, X. L.

AU - Todd, J.

AU - Tolba, T.

AU - Totev, T. I.

AU - Tsang, R.

AU - Vachon, F.

AU - Veeraraghavan, V.

AU - Viel, S.

AU - Visser, G.

AU - Vivo-Vilches, C.

AU - Vuilleumier, J. L.

AU - Wagenpfeil, M.

AU - Walent, M.

AU - Wang, Q.

AU - Ward, M.

AU - Watkins, J.

AU - Weber, M.

AU - Wei, W.

AU - Wen, L. J.

AU - Wichoski, U.

AU - Wu, S. X.

AU - Wu, W. H.

AU - Wu, X.

AU - Xia, Q.

AU - Yang, H.

AU - Yang, L.

AU - Yen, Y. R.

AU - Zeldovich, O.

AU - Zhao, J.

AU - Zhou, Y.

AU - Ziegler, T.

PY - 2020/8/21

Y1 - 2020/8/21

N2 - Measurements of electron drift properties in liquid and gaseous xenon are reported. The electrons are generated by the photoelectric effect in a semi-transparent gold photocathode driven in transmission mode with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. The charges drift and diffuse in a small chamber at various electric fields and a fixed drift distance of 2.0 cm. At an electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the measured drift velocities and corresponding temperature coefficients respectively are 1.97±0.04mm∕μs and (−0.69±0.05)%/K for liquid xenon, and 1.42±0.03mm∕μs and (+0.11±0.01)%/K for gaseous xenon at 1.5 bar. In addition, we measure longitudinal diffusion coefficients of 25.7±4.6 cm2/s and 149±23 cm2/s, for liquid and gas, respectively. The quantum efficiency of the gold photocathode is studied at the photon energy of 4.73 eV in liquid and gaseous xenon, and vacuum. These charge transport properties and the behavior of photocathodes in a xenon environment are important in designing and calibrating future large scale noble liquid detectors.

AB - Measurements of electron drift properties in liquid and gaseous xenon are reported. The electrons are generated by the photoelectric effect in a semi-transparent gold photocathode driven in transmission mode with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. The charges drift and diffuse in a small chamber at various electric fields and a fixed drift distance of 2.0 cm. At an electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the measured drift velocities and corresponding temperature coefficients respectively are 1.97±0.04mm∕μs and (−0.69±0.05)%/K for liquid xenon, and 1.42±0.03mm∕μs and (+0.11±0.01)%/K for gaseous xenon at 1.5 bar. In addition, we measure longitudinal diffusion coefficients of 25.7±4.6 cm2/s and 149±23 cm2/s, for liquid and gas, respectively. The quantum efficiency of the gold photocathode is studied at the photon energy of 4.73 eV in liquid and gaseous xenon, and vacuum. These charge transport properties and the behavior of photocathodes in a xenon environment are important in designing and calibrating future large scale noble liquid detectors.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85084936701&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85084936701&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2020.163965

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2020.163965

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85084936701

SN - 0168-9002

VL - 972

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

M1 - 163965

ER -

Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode

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