Abstract
Hemiptera, the largest non-holometabolous order of insects, represents approximately 7% of metazoan diversity. With extraordinary life histories and highly specialized morphological adaptations, hemipterans have exploited diverse habitats and food sources through approximately 300 Myr of evolution. To elucidate the phylogeny and evolutionary history of Hemiptera, we carried out the most comprehensive mitogenomics analysis on the richest taxon sampling to date covering all the suborders and infraorders, including 34 newly sequenced and 94 published mitogenomes. With optimized branch length and sequence heterogeneity, Bayesian analyses using a site-heterogeneous mixture model resolved the higher-level hemipteran phylogeny as (Sternorrhyncha, (Auchenorrhyncha, (Coleorrhyncha, Heteroptera))). Ancestral character state reconstruction and divergence time estimation suggest that the success of true bugs (Heteroptera) is probably due to angiosperm coevolution, but key adaptive innovations (e.g. prognathous mouthpart, predatory behaviour, and haemelytron) facilitated multiple independent shifts among diverse feeding habits and multiple independent colonizations of aquatic habitats.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 20171223 |
| Journal | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
| Volume | 284 |
| Issue number | 1862 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 13 2017 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2017 The Authors.
Funding
pteran insects have been deposited in GenBank (accession numbers shown in electronic supplementary material, table S1). The data supporting this article have been uploaded as the electronic supplementary material and the datasets used in the phylogenetic analyses are available in the Dryad Digital Repository: http://dx. doi.org/10.5061/dryad.13m7r [58]. Authors’ contributions. H.L., X.Z., and W.C. designed this study. H.L., F.S., and P.J. collected insect materials and performed the molecular experiments. H.L., E.C., F.S., and J.P.L. analysed the data. All authors discussed results and implications and read and approved the final manuscript. H.L., J.L., E.C., D.B., X.Z., and W.C. wrote the manuscript. Competing interests. We declare no competing interests. Funding. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 31372229, 31401991 and 31420103902), the National Basic Research Program of China (no. 2013CB127600), the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (nos. 2017QC100, 2017QC066 and 2017ZB002), and a start-up fund from the University of Kentucky. The information reported in this paper (no. 17-08-055) is part of a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with the approval of the Director. These agencies had no role in study design, data collection/ analysis, manuscript preparation, or the decision to publish. Acknowledgements. We thank Tadashi Ishikawa (University of Tokyo, Japan) for providing samples of Dipsocoromorpha. We also thank Drs Thomas J. Henry (United States National Museum of Natural History, USA), Christiane Weirauch (University of California, USA), Guanyang Zhang (Arizona State University, USA), David Weisrock and John J. Obrycki (University of Kentucky, USA), Nicole Gunter
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| University of Kentucky | |
| National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) | 31372229, 31401991, 31420103902 |
| National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) | |
| Chinese Universities Scientific Fund | 2017ZB002, 2017QC066, 2017QC100 |
| Chinese Universities Scientific Fund | |
| National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) | 2013CB127600 |
| National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) |
Keywords
- Ancestral character state reconstruction
- Evolutionary history
- Hemiptera
- Mitochondrial genome
- Phylogeny
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Immunology and Microbiology
- General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
- General Environmental Science
- General Agricultural and Biological Sciences