Nature and Challenges of Transnational Family Caregiving: A Scoping Review

PURPOSE: This scoping review explored the nature and challenges of transnational family caregiving. International migration and global aging have resulted in growing instances of transnational family caregiving, which involves providing care for older adults across national borders. However, little is known about the realities of such caregiving.

METHOD: Following the scoping review framework set forth by Arksey & O'Malley (2005), we searched 10 electronic databases (e.g. AgeLine, MEDLINE, CINAHL) using targeted search terms (e.g. transnational*, cross-border*) and predefined eligibility criteria. After removing duplicates, screening the titles and abstracts, and reviewing full texts, nine articles were eligible for inclusion.

FINDINGS: Studies showed that transnational caregiving involves providing financial and emotional support, arranging care, mailing gifts and letters, making care decisions, and communicating via phone/video calls. Financial strain comes from expenses in the host and support countries, including traveling back to the home country. Transnational caregivers experience guilt, worry, and distress related to the unpredictability of the care situation and their inability to be physically present. Strict immigration policies, inadequate employer support, and limited institutional care in home countries also present challenges.

IMPLICATIONS: This review highlights the nature and challenges experienced by transnational caregivers, yet further research is needed to deepen our understanding of this unique subpopulation of caregivers.