Nothing to fear but fear itself: Fear of fear, Fear of Greed and gender effects in two-person asymmetric social dilemmas

This article extends Simpsons (2003) research on sex differences in social dilemmas. To test the hypotheses that men defect in response to greed and women to fear, Simpson created Fear and Greed Dilemmas, but experiments using these games supported the greed hypothesis only. In this article I focus on why the fear hypothesis failed and suggest that fear was actually absent in the Fear Dilemma. To retest Simpsons hypotheses, I propose a new asymmetric game, the Fear-of-Greed Dilemma. The asymmetry is important for two reasons. First, it creates the risk of exploitation that Simpsons Fear Dilemma lacked. Second, it exposes a critical limitation in Rapoport's (1964) K-index and suggests a respecification. Laboratory studies supported the fear hypothesis and found mediating effects of expectations about partners on sex differences in cooperation.