Par-4 drives trafficking and activation of Fas and FasL to induce prostate cancer cell apoptosis and tumor regression

Prostate cancer cells are generally resistant to apoptosis by conventional therapy. During a search for molecules that may overcome prostate cancer cell survival mechanisms, we identified the prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) gene. Par-4 induced apoptosis of selective prostate cancer cells PC-3, DU-145, and TSU-Pr and caused tumor regression by inhibition of NF-κB activity and cell membrane trafficking of Fas and FasL that leads to the activation of the Fas-Fas-associated death domain-caspase-8 pro-death pathway. Neither Fas pathway activation alone nor inhibition of NF-κB activity with IκB-super repressor was sufficient to induce apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Coregulation of these two pathways was essential and sufficient for Par-4 to induce apoptosis. On the other hand, prostate cancer cells LNCaP or normal prostatic epithelial cells that were resistant to apoptosis by Par-4 did not show Fas or FasL trafficking. These findings identify a mechanism of apoptosis by Par-4 and suggest that Par-4 may have therapeutic potential.