Parton distributions and lattice-QCD calculations: Toward 3D structure

Martha Constantinou, Aurore Courtoy, Markus A. Ebert, Michael Engelhardt, Tommaso Giani, Tim Hobbs, Tie Jiun Hou, Aleksander Kusina, Krzysztof Kutak, Jian Liang, Huey Wen Lin, Keh Fei Liu, Simonetta Liuti, Cédric Mezrag, Pavel Nadolsky, Emanuele R. Nocera, Fred Olness, Jian Wei Qiu, Marco Radici, Anatoly RadyushkinAbha Rajan, Ted Rogers, Juan Rojo, Gerrit Schierholz, C. P. Yuan, Jian Hui Zhang, Rui Zhang

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

80 Scopus citations

Abstract

The strong force which binds hadrons is described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Determining the character and manifestations of QCD is one of the most important and challenging outstanding issues necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the structure of hadrons. Within the context of the QCD parton picture, the parton distribution functions (PDFs) have been remarkably successful in describing a wide variety of processes. However, these PDFs have generally been confined to the description of collinear partons within the hadron. New experiments and facilities provide the opportunity to additionally explore the transverse structure of hadrons which is described by generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMD PDFs). In our previous report Lin et al. (2018), we compared and contrasted the two main approaches used to determine the collinear PDFs: the first based on perturbative QCD factorization theorems, and the second based on lattice-QCD calculations. In the present report, we provide an update of recent progress on the collinear PDFs, and also expand the scope to encompass the generalized PDFs (GPDs and TMD PDFs). We review the current state of the various calculations, and consider what new data might be available in the near future. We also examine how a shared effort can foster dialog between the PDF and lattice-QCD communities, and yield improvements for these generalized PDFs.

Original languageEnglish
Article number103908
JournalProgress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
Volume121
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We are grateful to Autumn Hewitt, Nicole Kokx and Brenda Wenzlick, for their help in the organization of the workshop. The workshop was partly supported by Michigan State University, USA and US National Science Foundation via the grant under PHY 1653405 “CAREER: Constraining Parton Distribution Functions for New-Physics Searches”. We thank Kostas Orginos for his early-stage involvement in organizing the workshop, Alberto Accardi, Jorge Benel, Nikhil Karthik, Zhouyou Fan, Paul Reimer, Dave Soper, Michael Wagman, Zhite Yu for their participation and discussions during the PDFLattice2019 workshop, and Xiangdong Ji for a critical reading of the manuscript. We thank Joseph Karpie and Gunnar Bali for providing numbers for Figs. 7 and 22 , respectively, and Phiala Shanahan for remaking Fig. 33 for this paper. We thank H. Moutarde, Ingo Schienbein, P. Sznajder, and Yong Zhao as well as members of the Lattice Hadron Physics Collaboration (LHPC) and the Lattice TMD Collaboration for useful discussion during the preparation of this report.

Funding Information:
We are pleased to acknowledge support from: the U.S. Department of Energy , grants DE-SC0020405 [M. Constantinou], DE-SC0011090 [M. Ebert], DE-FG02-96ER40965 [M. Engelhardt]; DE-SC0010129 [T. Hobbs, F. Olness, P. Nadolsky], DE-SC0016286 [S. Liuti], DE-AC05-06OR23177 [J.W. Qiu], DE-FG02-97ER41028 [A. Radyushkin], DE-SC0012704 [A. Rajan], DE-SC0018106 [T. C. Rogers], and the DOE Topical Collaboration on TMDs, USA [M. Engelhardt, J.W. Qiu]; Jefferson Science Associates, USA , LLC under U.S. DOE Contract DE-AC05-06OR23177 [J.W. Qiu, A. Radyushkin, T.C. Rogers]; the US National Science Foundation grants PHY-1714407 [M. Constantinou], PHY 1653405 [H. Lin, R. Zhang], PHY-1719914 [C. Yuan]; the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agreement N.647981 , 3DSPIN [M. Radici], grant agreement N. 824093 [C. Mezrag], and the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action grant agreement N. 752748 , ParDHonS [E. Nocera]; the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México grant DGAPA-PAPIIT IA101720 [A. Courtoy]; the Scottish Funding Council, United Kingdom grant H14027 [T. Giani]; the Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Poland grant DEC-2017/27/B/ST2/01985 [K. Kutak]; the Kosciuszko Foundation, USA [A. Kusina]; the Research Corporation for Science Advancement, USA through the Cottrell Scholar Award [H. Lin]; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany through a Feodor Lynen Research Fellowship [M. Ebert]; and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11975051 , 12061131006 ) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China [J. Zhang]; the JLab EIC Center, USA through an EIC Center Fellowship [T. Hobbs]; the Wu-Ki Tung, USA endowed chair in particle physics [C. Yuan]; and the LDRD program of Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA [A. Rajan].

Funding Information:
We are grateful to Autumn Hewitt, Nicole Kokx and Brenda Wenzlick, for their help in the organization of the workshop. The workshop was partly supported by Michigan State University, USA and US National Science Foundation via the grant under PHY 1653405 ?CAREER: Constraining Parton Distribution Functions for New-Physics Searches?. We thank Kostas Orginos for his early-stage involvement in organizing the workshop, Alberto Accardi, Jorge Benel, Nikhil Karthik, Zhouyou Fan, Paul Reimer, Dave Soper, Michael Wagman, Zhite Yu for their participation and discussions during the PDFLattice2019 workshop, and Xiangdong Ji for a critical reading of the manuscript. We thank Joseph Karpie and Gunnar Bali for providing numbers for Figs. 7 and 22, respectively, and Phiala Shanahan for remaking Fig. 33 for this paper. We thank H. Moutarde, Ingo Schienbein, P. Sznajder, and Yong Zhao as well as members of the Lattice Hadron Physics Collaboration (LHPC) and the Lattice TMD Collaboration for useful discussion during the preparation of this report. We are pleased to acknowledge support from: the U.S. Department of Energy, grants DE-SC0020405 [M. Constantinou], DE-SC0011090 [M. Ebert], DE-FG02-96ER40965 [M. Engelhardt]; DE-SC0010129 [T. Hobbs, F. Olness, P. Nadolsky], DE-SC0016286 [S. Liuti], DE-AC05-06OR23177 [J.W. Qiu], DE-FG02-97ER41028 [A. Radyushkin], DE-SC0012704 [A. Rajan], DE-SC0018106 [T. C. Rogers], and the DOE Topical Collaboration on TMDs, USA [M. Engelhardt, J.W. Qiu]; Jefferson Science Associates, USA, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract DE-AC05-06OR23177 [J.W. Qiu, A. Radyushkin, T.C. Rogers]; the US National Science Foundation grants PHY-1714407 [M. Constantinou], PHY 1653405 [H. Lin, R. Zhang], PHY-1719914 [C. Yuan]; the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agreement N.647981, 3DSPIN [M. Radici], grant agreement N. 824093 [C. Mezrag], and the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action grant agreement N. 752748, ParDHonS [E. Nocera]; the Universidad Nacional Aut?noma de M?xico grant DGAPA-PAPIIT IA101720 [A. Courtoy]; the Scottish Funding Council, United Kingdom grant H14027 [T. Giani]; the Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Poland grant DEC-2017/27/B/ST2/01985 [K. Kutak]; the Kosciuszko Foundation, USA [A. Kusina]; the Research Corporation for Science Advancement, USA through the Cottrell Scholar Award [H. Lin]; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany through a Feodor Lynen Research Fellowship [M. Ebert]; and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11975051, 12061131006) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China [J. Zhang]; the JLab EIC Center, USA through an EIC Center Fellowship [T. Hobbs]; the Wu-Ki Tung, USA endowed chair in particle physics [C. Yuan]; and the LDRD program of Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA [A. Rajan].

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords

  • Generalized Parton Distributions (GPD)
  • Global QCD fits
  • Lattice QCD
  • Transverse Momentum Dependent PDFs (TMD PDFs)
  • Unpolarized/polarized parton distribution functions (PDFs)

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Nuclear and High Energy Physics

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