Photochemical and Photobiological Properties of Pyridyl-pyrazol(in)e-Based Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Sub-micromolar Cytotoxicity for Phototherapy

Dmytro Havrylyuk, David K. Heidary, Yang Sun, Sean Parkin, Edith C. Glazer

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

23 Scopus citations

Abstract

The discovery of new light-triggered prodrugs based on ruthenium (II) complexes is a promising approach for photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). The light-mediated activation of "strained"Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes resulted in ligand release and produced a ligand-deficient metal center capable of forming covalent adducts with biomolecules such as DNA. Based on the strategy of exploiting structural distortion to activate photochemistry, biologically active small molecules were coordinated to a Ru(II) scaffold to create light-triggered dual-action agents. Thirteen new Ru(II) complexes with pyridyl-pyrazol(in)e ligands were synthesized, and their photochemical reactivity and anticancer properties were investigated. Isomeric bidentate ligands were investigated, where "regular"ligands (where the coordinated nitrogens in the heterocycles are linked by C-C atoms) were compared to "inverse"isomers (where the coordinated nitrogens in the heterocycles are linked by C-N atoms). Coordination of the regular 3-(pyrid-2-yl)-pyrazol(in)es to a Ru(II) bis-dimethylphenanthroline scaffold yielded photoresponsive compounds with promising photochemical and biological properties, in contrast to the inverse 1-(pyrid-2-yl)-pyrazolines. The introduction of a phenyl ring to the 1N-pyrazoline cycle increased the distortion in complexes and improved ligand release upon light irradiation (470 nm) up to 5-fold in aqueous media. Compounds 1-8, containing pyridyl-pyrazol(in)e ligands, were at least 20-80-fold more potent than the parent pyridyl-pyrazol(in)es, and exhibited biological activity in the dark, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 0.2 to 7.6 μM in the HL60 cell line, with complete growth inhibition upon light irradiation. The diversification of coligands and introduction of a carboxylic acid into the Ru(II) complex resulted in compounds 9-12, with up to 146-fold improved phototoxicity indices compared with complexes 1-8.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)18894-18906
Number of pages13
JournalACS Omega
Volume5
Issue number30
DOIs
StatePublished - Aug 4 2020

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Chemistry
  • General Chemical Engineering

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