TY - JOUR
T1 - Second-by-second measurement of acetylcholine release in prefrontal cortex
AU - Bruno, John P.
AU - Gash, Clelland
AU - Martin, Brad
AU - Zmarowski, Amy
AU - Pomerleau, Francois
AU - Burmeister, Jason
AU - Huettl, Peter
AU - Gerhardt, Greg A.
PY - 2006/12
Y1 - 2006/12
N2 - Microdialysis has been widely used to measure acetylcholine (ACh) release in vivo and has provided important insights into the regulation of cholinergic transmission. However, microdialysis can be constrained by limited spatial and temporal resolution. The present experiments utilize a microelectrode array (MEA) to rapidly measure ACh release and clearance in anaesthetized rats. The array electrochemically detects, on a second-by-second basis, changes in current selectively produced by the hydrolysis of ACh to choline (Ch) and the subsequent oxidation of choline and hydrogen peroxidase (H2O 2) at the electrode surface. In vitro calibration of the microelectrode revealed linear responses to ACh (R2 = 0.9998), limit of detection of 0.08 μm, and signal-to-noise ratio of 3.0. The electrode was unresponsive to ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), or norepinephrine (NE) interferents. In vivo experiments were conducted in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of anaesthetized rats. Pressure ejections of ACh (10 mm; 40 nL) through an adjoining micropipette produced a rapid rise in current, reaching maximum amplitude in ∼1.0 s and cleared by 80% within 4-11 s. Endogenously released ACh, following local depolarization with KCl (70 mm; 40, 160 nL), was detected at values as low as 0.05 μm. These signals were volume-dependent and cleared within 4-12 s. Finally, nicotine (1.0 mm, 80 nL) stimulated ACh signals. Nicotine-induced signals reflected the hydrolysis of ACh by endogenous acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as inhibition of the enzyme following perfusion with neostigmine (10 μm) attenuated the signal (40-94%). Collectively, these data validate a novel method for rapidly measuring cholinergic transmission in vivo with a spatial and temporal resolution that far exceeds conventional microdialysis.
AB - Microdialysis has been widely used to measure acetylcholine (ACh) release in vivo and has provided important insights into the regulation of cholinergic transmission. However, microdialysis can be constrained by limited spatial and temporal resolution. The present experiments utilize a microelectrode array (MEA) to rapidly measure ACh release and clearance in anaesthetized rats. The array electrochemically detects, on a second-by-second basis, changes in current selectively produced by the hydrolysis of ACh to choline (Ch) and the subsequent oxidation of choline and hydrogen peroxidase (H2O 2) at the electrode surface. In vitro calibration of the microelectrode revealed linear responses to ACh (R2 = 0.9998), limit of detection of 0.08 μm, and signal-to-noise ratio of 3.0. The electrode was unresponsive to ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), or norepinephrine (NE) interferents. In vivo experiments were conducted in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of anaesthetized rats. Pressure ejections of ACh (10 mm; 40 nL) through an adjoining micropipette produced a rapid rise in current, reaching maximum amplitude in ∼1.0 s and cleared by 80% within 4-11 s. Endogenously released ACh, following local depolarization with KCl (70 mm; 40, 160 nL), was detected at values as low as 0.05 μm. These signals were volume-dependent and cleared within 4-12 s. Finally, nicotine (1.0 mm, 80 nL) stimulated ACh signals. Nicotine-induced signals reflected the hydrolysis of ACh by endogenous acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as inhibition of the enzyme following perfusion with neostigmine (10 μm) attenuated the signal (40-94%). Collectively, these data validate a novel method for rapidly measuring cholinergic transmission in vivo with a spatial and temporal resolution that far exceeds conventional microdialysis.
KW - Acetylcholine
KW - Nicotine
KW - Prefrontal cortex
KW - Rat
KW - Voltammetry
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U2 - 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05176.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05176.x
M3 - Article
C2 - 17156201
AN - SCOPUS:33751369356
SN - 0953-816X
VL - 24
SP - 2749
EP - 2757
JO - European Journal of Neuroscience
JF - European Journal of Neuroscience
IS - 10
ER -