Secondhand smoke exposure and endothelial stress in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: Links between secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular disease in adults are well established. Little is known about the impact of this exposure on cardiovascular status during childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between secondhand smoke exposure in children and adolescents and cardiovascular disease risk - systemic inflammation, endothelial stress, and endothelial repair. METHODS: A total of 145 subjects, aged 9 to 18 years, were studied. Tobacco smoke exposure was determined by hair nicotine level. Cardiovascular risk was assessed by markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP] and adiponectin); by soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (s-ICAM1), which measures endothelial activation after surface vascular injury; and by endothelial repair. This was measured by prevalence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are bone marrow-derived cells that home preferentially to sites of vascular damage. RESULTS: Hair nicotine was directly correlated with s-ICAM1 (r = 0.4090, P < .0001) and negatively correlated with EPC prevalence (r = -0.2002, P = .0195). There was no relationship between hair nicotine and CRP, and a trend toward a weak relationship with adiponectin. Hair nicotine and body mass index were independent variables in a multivariate model predicting s-ICAM1; hair nicotine was the only significant variable in a model predicting EPC prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Secondhand smoke exposure during childhood and adolescence is detrimental to vascular health because s-ICAM1 is a marker for endothelial activation and stress after vascular surface injury, and EPCs contribute to vascular repair. The fact that body mass index is also a factor in the model predicting s-ICAM1 is concerning, in that 2 risk factors may both contribute to endothelial stress.