Shorting at Long Duration: Impact of Extended Discharge Capacity on Battery Solid Electrolytes

Ryan C. Hill; Amanda S. Peretti; Leo J. Small; Erik D. Spoerke; Yang Tse Cheng

doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ad3bec

Shorting at Long Duration: Impact of Extended Discharge Capacity on Battery Solid Electrolytes

Ryan C. Hill
, Amanda S. Peretti
, Leo J. Small
, Erik D. Spoerke
, Yang Tse Cheng

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is critical to a stable, resilient, and decarbonized electric grid. While batteries are emerging as important LDES devices, extended, high-power discharges necessary for cost-competitive LDES present new materials challenges. Focusing on a new generation of low-temperature molten sodium batteries, we explore here unique phenomena related to long-duration discharge through a well-known solid electrolyte, NaSICON. Specifically, molten sodium symmetric cells at 110 °C were cycled at 0.1 A cm⁻² for 1-23 h discharges. Longer discharges led to unstable overpotentials, reduced resistances, and decreased electrolyte strength, caused by massive sodium penetration not observed in shorter duration discharges. Scanning electron microscopy informed mechanisms of sodium penetration and even “healing” during shorter-duration cycling. Importantly, these findings show that traditional, low-capacity, shorter-duration tests may not sufficiently inform fundamental materials phenomena that will impact LDES battery performance. This case highlights the importance that candidate LDES batteries be tested under pertinent long-duration conditions.

Original language	English
Article number	040530
Journal	Journal of the Electrochemical Society
Volume	171
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad3bec
State	Published - Apr 1 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Electrochemical Society (“ECS”). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited

Funding

This work was conducted through a collaboration between the University of Kentucky and Sandia National Laboratories and was supported by the Energy Storage Program, managed by Dr Imre Gyuk, in the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Electricity. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS), a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) under contract DE-NA0003525. This written work is authored by an employee of NTESS. The employee, not NTESS, owns the right, title and interest in and to the written work and is responsible for its contents. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the written work do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Government. The publisher acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this written work or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. The DOE will provide public access to results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan.

Funders	Funder number
University of Kentucky and Sandia National Laboratories
Sandia National Laboratory
U.S. Government
U.S. Department of Energy EPSCoR
National Nuclear Security Administration	DE-NA0003525

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy

Keywords

NaSICON
dendrites
long duration energy storage
sodium batteries
solid electrolyte

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Condensed Matter Physics
Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Electrochemistry
Materials Chemistry

Access to Document

10.1149/1945-7111/ad3bec

Cite this

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title = "Shorting at Long Duration: Impact of Extended Discharge Capacity on Battery Solid Electrolytes",

abstract = "Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is critical to a stable, resilient, and decarbonized electric grid. While batteries are emerging as important LDES devices, extended, high-power discharges necessary for cost-competitive LDES present new materials challenges. Focusing on a new generation of low-temperature molten sodium batteries, we explore here unique phenomena related to long-duration discharge through a well-known solid electrolyte, NaSICON. Specifically, molten sodium symmetric cells at 110 °C were cycled at 0.1 A cm−2 for 1-23 h discharges. Longer discharges led to unstable overpotentials, reduced resistances, and decreased electrolyte strength, caused by massive sodium penetration not observed in shorter duration discharges. Scanning electron microscopy informed mechanisms of sodium penetration and even “healing” during shorter-duration cycling. Importantly, these findings show that traditional, low-capacity, shorter-duration tests may not sufficiently inform fundamental materials phenomena that will impact LDES battery performance. This case highlights the importance that candidate LDES batteries be tested under pertinent long-duration conditions.",

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author = "Hill, \{Ryan C.\} and Peretti, \{Amanda S.\} and Small, \{Leo J.\} and Spoerke, \{Erik D.\} and Cheng, \{Yang Tse\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 The Electrochemical Society (“ECS”). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited",

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doi = "10.1149/1945-7111/ad3bec",

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AU - Spoerke, Erik D.

AU - Cheng, Yang Tse

PY - 2024/4/1

Y1 - 2024/4/1

N2 - Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is critical to a stable, resilient, and decarbonized electric grid. While batteries are emerging as important LDES devices, extended, high-power discharges necessary for cost-competitive LDES present new materials challenges. Focusing on a new generation of low-temperature molten sodium batteries, we explore here unique phenomena related to long-duration discharge through a well-known solid electrolyte, NaSICON. Specifically, molten sodium symmetric cells at 110 °C were cycled at 0.1 A cm−2 for 1-23 h discharges. Longer discharges led to unstable overpotentials, reduced resistances, and decreased electrolyte strength, caused by massive sodium penetration not observed in shorter duration discharges. Scanning electron microscopy informed mechanisms of sodium penetration and even “healing” during shorter-duration cycling. Importantly, these findings show that traditional, low-capacity, shorter-duration tests may not sufficiently inform fundamental materials phenomena that will impact LDES battery performance. This case highlights the importance that candidate LDES batteries be tested under pertinent long-duration conditions.

AB - Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is critical to a stable, resilient, and decarbonized electric grid. While batteries are emerging as important LDES devices, extended, high-power discharges necessary for cost-competitive LDES present new materials challenges. Focusing on a new generation of low-temperature molten sodium batteries, we explore here unique phenomena related to long-duration discharge through a well-known solid electrolyte, NaSICON. Specifically, molten sodium symmetric cells at 110 °C were cycled at 0.1 A cm−2 for 1-23 h discharges. Longer discharges led to unstable overpotentials, reduced resistances, and decreased electrolyte strength, caused by massive sodium penetration not observed in shorter duration discharges. Scanning electron microscopy informed mechanisms of sodium penetration and even “healing” during shorter-duration cycling. Importantly, these findings show that traditional, low-capacity, shorter-duration tests may not sufficiently inform fundamental materials phenomena that will impact LDES battery performance. This case highlights the importance that candidate LDES batteries be tested under pertinent long-duration conditions.

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Shorting at Long Duration: Impact of Extended Discharge Capacity on Battery Solid Electrolytes

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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