Studies of an array of PbF2 Cherenkov crystals with large-area SiPM readout

A. T. Fienberg; L. P. Alonzi; A. Anastasi; R. Bjorkquist; D. Cauz; R. Fatemi; C. Ferrari; A. Fioretti; A. Fankenthal; C. Gabbanini; L. K. Gibbons; K. Giovanetti; S. D. Goadhouse; W. P. Gohn; T. P. Gorringe; D. W. Hertzog; M. Iacovacci; P. Kammel; J. Kaspar; B. Kiburg; L. Li; S. Mastroianni; G. Pauletta; D. A. Peterson; D. Počanić; M. W. Smith; D. A. Sweigart; V. Tishchenko; G. Venanzoni; T. D. Van Wechel; K. B. Wall; P. Winter; K. Yai

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.02.028

Studies of an array of PbF₂ Cherenkov crystals with large-area SiPM readout

A. T. Fienberg, L. P. Alonzi, A. Anastasi, R. Bjorkquist, D. Cauz, R. Fatemi, C. Ferrari, A. Fioretti, A. Fankenthal, C. Gabbanini, L. K. Gibbons, K. Giovanetti, S. D. Goadhouse, W. P. Gohn, T. P. Gorringe, D. W. Hertzog, M. Iacovacci, P. Kammel, J. Kaspar, B. KiburgL. Li, S. Mastroianni, G. Pauletta, D. A. Peterson, D. Počanić, M. W. Smith, D. A. Sweigart, V. Tishchenko, G. Venanzoni, T. D. Van Wechel, K. B. Wall, P. Winter, K. Yai

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

41 Scopus citations

Abstract

The electromagnetic calorimeter for the new muon (g-2) experiment at Fermilab will consist of arrays of PbF₂ Cherenkov crystals read out by large-area silicon photo-multiplier (SiPM) sensors. We report here on measurements and simulations using 2.0-4.5 GeV electrons with a 28-element prototype array. All data were obtained using fast waveform digitizers to accurately capture signal pulse shapes vs. energy, impact position, angle, and crystal wrapping. The SiPMs were gain matched using a laser-based calibration system, which also provided a stabilization procedure that allowed gain correction to a level of 10^-4 per hour. After accounting for longitudinal fluctuation losses, those crystals wrapped in a white, diffusive wrapping exhibited an energy resolution σ/E of (3.4±0.1)%/E/GeV, while those wrapped in a black, absorptive wrapping had (4.6±0.3)%/E/GeV. The white-wrapped crystals - having nearly twice the total light collection - display a generally wider and impact-position-dependent pulse shape owing to the dynamics of the light propagation, in comparison to the black-wrapped crystals, which have a narrower pulse shape that is insensitive to impact position.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	12-21
Number of pages	10
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	783
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.02.028
State	Published - May 21 2015

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We thank Adam Para for the initial suggestion to test PbF 2 as a candidate material and for excellent advice on evaluating and choosing SiPM products. Tianchi Zhao negotiated the original contract with SICCAS and helped evaluate early samples. Carsten Hast, Keith Jobe and Zenon Szalata hosted this effort at the SLAC ESTB facility, which is supported under Department of Energy (DOE) contract DE-AC02-76SF00515 . This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) MRI program ( PHY-1337542 ), by the DOE Offices of Nuclear ( DE-FG02-97ER41020 ) and High-Energy Physics ( DE-SC0008037 ), by the NSF Physics Division ( PHY-1205792 , PHY-1307328 , PHY-1307196 , DGE-1144153 ), by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy) , and by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 11375115 ) and the Shanghai Pujiang Program ( 13PJ1404200 ).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords

Electromagnetic calorimeter
Lead-fluoride crystals
Silicon photomultiplier

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Instrumentation

Access to Document

10.1016/j.nima.2015.02.028

Cite this

Fienberg, A. T., Alonzi, L. P., Anastasi, A., Bjorkquist, R., Cauz, D., Fatemi, R., Ferrari, C., Fioretti, A., Fankenthal, A., Gabbanini, C., Gibbons, L. K., Giovanetti, K., Goadhouse, S. D., Gohn, W. P., Gorringe, T. P., Hertzog, D. W., Iacovacci, M., Kammel, P., Kaspar, J., ... Yai, K. (2015). Studies of an array of PbF₂ Cherenkov crystals with large-area SiPM readout. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 783, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.02.028

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title = "Studies of an array of PbF2 Cherenkov crystals with large-area SiPM readout",

abstract = "The electromagnetic calorimeter for the new muon (g-2) experiment at Fermilab will consist of arrays of PbF2 Cherenkov crystals read out by large-area silicon photo-multiplier (SiPM) sensors. We report here on measurements and simulations using 2.0-4.5 GeV electrons with a 28-element prototype array. All data were obtained using fast waveform digitizers to accurately capture signal pulse shapes vs. energy, impact position, angle, and crystal wrapping. The SiPMs were gain matched using a laser-based calibration system, which also provided a stabilization procedure that allowed gain correction to a level of 10-4 per hour. After accounting for longitudinal fluctuation losses, those crystals wrapped in a white, diffusive wrapping exhibited an energy resolution σ/E of (3.4±0.1)%/E/GeV, while those wrapped in a black, absorptive wrapping had (4.6±0.3)%/E/GeV. The white-wrapped crystals - having nearly twice the total light collection - display a generally wider and impact-position-dependent pulse shape owing to the dynamics of the light propagation, in comparison to the black-wrapped crystals, which have a narrower pulse shape that is insensitive to impact position.",

keywords = "Electromagnetic calorimeter, Lead-fluoride crystals, Silicon photomultiplier",

author = "Fienberg, {A. T.} and Alonzi, {L. P.} and A. Anastasi and R. Bjorkquist and D. Cauz and R. Fatemi and C. Ferrari and A. Fioretti and A. Fankenthal and C. Gabbanini and Gibbons, {L. K.} and K. Giovanetti and Goadhouse, {S. D.} and Gohn, {W. P.} and Gorringe, {T. P.} and Hertzog, {D. W.} and M. Iacovacci and P. Kammel and J. Kaspar and B. Kiburg and L. Li and S. Mastroianni and G. Pauletta and Peterson, {D. A.} and D. Po{\v c}ani{\'c} and Smith, {M. W.} and Sweigart, {D. A.} and V. Tishchenko and G. Venanzoni and {Van Wechel}, {T. D.} and Wall, {K. B.} and P. Winter and K. Yai",

note = "Funding Information: We thank Adam Para for the initial suggestion to test PbF 2 as a candidate material and for excellent advice on evaluating and choosing SiPM products. Tianchi Zhao negotiated the original contract with SICCAS and helped evaluate early samples. Carsten Hast, Keith Jobe and Zenon Szalata hosted this effort at the SLAC ESTB facility, which is supported under Department of Energy (DOE) contract DE-AC02-76SF00515 . This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) MRI program ( PHY-1337542 ), by the DOE Offices of Nuclear ( DE-FG02-97ER41020 ) and High-Energy Physics ( DE-SC0008037 ), by the NSF Physics Division ( PHY-1205792 , PHY-1307328 , PHY-1307196 , DGE-1144153 ), by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy) , and by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 11375115 ) and the Shanghai Pujiang Program ( 13PJ1404200 ). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",

year = "2015",

month = may,

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doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2015.02.028",

language = "English",

volume = "783",

pages = "12--21",

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Fienberg, AT, Alonzi, LP, Anastasi, A, Bjorkquist, R, Cauz, D, Fatemi, R, Ferrari, C, Fioretti, A, Fankenthal, A, Gabbanini, C, Gibbons, LK, Giovanetti, K, Goadhouse, SD, Gohn, WP, Gorringe, TP, Hertzog, DW, Iacovacci, M, Kammel, P, Kaspar, J, Kiburg, B, Li, L, Mastroianni, S, Pauletta, G, Peterson, DA, Počanić, D, Smith, MW, Sweigart, DA, Tishchenko, V, Venanzoni, G, Van Wechel, TD, Wall, KB, Winter, P & Yai, K 2015, 'Studies of an array of PbF₂ Cherenkov crystals with large-area SiPM readout', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 783, pp. 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.02.028

TY - JOUR

T1 - Studies of an array of PbF2 Cherenkov crystals with large-area SiPM readout

AU - Fienberg, A. T.

AU - Alonzi, L. P.

AU - Anastasi, A.

AU - Bjorkquist, R.

AU - Cauz, D.

AU - Fatemi, R.

AU - Ferrari, C.

AU - Fioretti, A.

AU - Fankenthal, A.

AU - Gabbanini, C.

AU - Gibbons, L. K.

AU - Giovanetti, K.

AU - Goadhouse, S. D.

AU - Gohn, W. P.

AU - Gorringe, T. P.

AU - Hertzog, D. W.

AU - Iacovacci, M.

AU - Kammel, P.

AU - Kaspar, J.

AU - Kiburg, B.

AU - Li, L.

AU - Mastroianni, S.

AU - Pauletta, G.

AU - Peterson, D. A.

AU - Počanić, D.

AU - Smith, M. W.

AU - Sweigart, D. A.

AU - Tishchenko, V.

AU - Venanzoni, G.

AU - Van Wechel, T. D.

AU - Wall, K. B.

AU - Winter, P.

AU - Yai, K.

N1 - Funding Information: We thank Adam Para for the initial suggestion to test PbF 2 as a candidate material and for excellent advice on evaluating and choosing SiPM products. Tianchi Zhao negotiated the original contract with SICCAS and helped evaluate early samples. Carsten Hast, Keith Jobe and Zenon Szalata hosted this effort at the SLAC ESTB facility, which is supported under Department of Energy (DOE) contract DE-AC02-76SF00515 . This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) MRI program ( PHY-1337542 ), by the DOE Offices of Nuclear ( DE-FG02-97ER41020 ) and High-Energy Physics ( DE-SC0008037 ), by the NSF Physics Division ( PHY-1205792 , PHY-1307328 , PHY-1307196 , DGE-1144153 ), by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy) , and by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 11375115 ) and the Shanghai Pujiang Program ( 13PJ1404200 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PY - 2015/5/21

Y1 - 2015/5/21

N2 - The electromagnetic calorimeter for the new muon (g-2) experiment at Fermilab will consist of arrays of PbF2 Cherenkov crystals read out by large-area silicon photo-multiplier (SiPM) sensors. We report here on measurements and simulations using 2.0-4.5 GeV electrons with a 28-element prototype array. All data were obtained using fast waveform digitizers to accurately capture signal pulse shapes vs. energy, impact position, angle, and crystal wrapping. The SiPMs were gain matched using a laser-based calibration system, which also provided a stabilization procedure that allowed gain correction to a level of 10-4 per hour. After accounting for longitudinal fluctuation losses, those crystals wrapped in a white, diffusive wrapping exhibited an energy resolution σ/E of (3.4±0.1)%/E/GeV, while those wrapped in a black, absorptive wrapping had (4.6±0.3)%/E/GeV. The white-wrapped crystals - having nearly twice the total light collection - display a generally wider and impact-position-dependent pulse shape owing to the dynamics of the light propagation, in comparison to the black-wrapped crystals, which have a narrower pulse shape that is insensitive to impact position.

AB - The electromagnetic calorimeter for the new muon (g-2) experiment at Fermilab will consist of arrays of PbF2 Cherenkov crystals read out by large-area silicon photo-multiplier (SiPM) sensors. We report here on measurements and simulations using 2.0-4.5 GeV electrons with a 28-element prototype array. All data were obtained using fast waveform digitizers to accurately capture signal pulse shapes vs. energy, impact position, angle, and crystal wrapping. The SiPMs were gain matched using a laser-based calibration system, which also provided a stabilization procedure that allowed gain correction to a level of 10-4 per hour. After accounting for longitudinal fluctuation losses, those crystals wrapped in a white, diffusive wrapping exhibited an energy resolution σ/E of (3.4±0.1)%/E/GeV, while those wrapped in a black, absorptive wrapping had (4.6±0.3)%/E/GeV. The white-wrapped crystals - having nearly twice the total light collection - display a generally wider and impact-position-dependent pulse shape owing to the dynamics of the light propagation, in comparison to the black-wrapped crystals, which have a narrower pulse shape that is insensitive to impact position.

KW - Electromagnetic calorimeter

KW - Lead-fluoride crystals

KW - Silicon photomultiplier

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