Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been extensively studied for bioimaging and photodynamic applications due to their low cost, excellent biocompatibility, rich surface chemistry and controllable optical properties. However, the detailed mechanism of the photodynamic activity has been rarely reported. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of (i) a systematic comparison of differently synthesized CQDs to unveil a relationship between chemical structure and photodynamic effect, and (ii) their detailed mechanism of action in photodynamic effects. CQDs prepared by top-down and bottom-up methods and their post-synthesis modification were compared in this study. CQDs prepared by a top-down method exhibited superior light-activated cell cytotoxicity compared to those by a bottom-up approach. The photodynamic index of CQDs was found to be 40–150 times larger than commercial photodynamic agents. It was concluded that both structural defects in sp2-carbon domains and oxygen-containing chemical groups have a crucial role in the excellent photodynamic performance. Measurements with selective quenchers of 1O2 and radical species indicated that the photodynamic mechanism of CQDs is through the combination of both type I (radical species production) and type II (singlet oxygen production) pathways.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 616-623 |
Number of pages | 8 |
Journal | Carbon |
Volume | 140 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Dec 2018 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:TPL and DYK thank D. Qian for TEM characterizations. TPL and DYK appreciate the support from National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement No. 1355438 and the partial support from Kentucky Science & Engineering Foundation grant ( KSEF-3127-RDE-017 ). The purchase of a new XPS system recently installed at the University of Kentucky was supported by the fund from the NSF EPSCoR grant (grant no. 0814194 ).
Funding Information:
TPL and DYK thank D. Qian for TEM characterizations. TPL and DYK appreciate the support from National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement No. 1355438 and the partial support from Kentucky Science & Engineering Foundation grant (KSEF-3127-RDE-017). The purchase of a new XPS system recently installed at the University of Kentucky was supported by the fund from the NSF EPSCoR grant (grant no. 0814194).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Chemistry (all)
- Materials Science (all)