Technological Elements of Circular Economy and the Principles of 6R-Based Closed-loop Material Flow in Sustainable Manufacturing

At the current alarming growth rate of the world's consumption, the linear economy model of creating products, using these products, and then disposing of them, with no consideration of the environmental, societal and economic impacts and consequences, is a flawed manufacturing approach that is unsustainable. Therefore, envisioning a future where nothing is wasted; a future where every "waste" becomes an asset, and no value goes unrecovered; a future where all products at the end of their primary use are recovered and either reused, remanufactured, or recycled for multiple generations, has become more than a reality, but a necessity. This emerging concept of circular economy, although gaining attention, lacks a technological perspective for effective implementation. This paper presents the principles of sustainable manufacturing to serve as the basis, and to provide the technological elements to ensure the creation of a circular economy. 6R-based technological elements are identified and shown as essential ingredients for achieving economic growth, environmental protection and societal benefits. Also presented is a case study with application that shows the life cycle cost benefits. An outlook for future research is then presented.