TY - JOUR
T1 - The Effect of Gender on Resident Autonomy in the Operating room
AU - Meyerson, Shari L.
AU - Sternbach, Joel M.
AU - Zwischenberger, Joseph B.
AU - Bender, Edward M.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 Association of Program Directors in Surgery
PY - 2017/11
Y1 - 2017/11
N2 - Objective Discrimination against women training in medicine and surgery has been subjectively described for decades. This study objectively documents gender differences in the degree of autonomy given to thoracic surgery trainees in the operating room. Design Thoracic surgery residents and faculty underwent frame of reference training on the use of the 4-point Zwisch scale to measure operative autonomy. Residents and faculty then submitted evaluations of their perception of autonomy granted for individual operations as well as operative difficulty on a real-time basis using the “Zwisch Me!!” mobile application. Differences in autonomy given to male and female residents were elucidated using chi-square analysis and ordered logistic regression. Setting Seven academic medical centers with thoracic surgery training programs. Participants Volunteer thoracic surgery residents in both integrated and traditional training pathways and their affiliated cardiothoracic faculty. Results Residents (n = 33, female 18%) submitted a total of 596 evaluations to faculty (n = 48, female 12%). Faculty gave less autonomy to female residents with only 56 of 184 evaluations (30.3%) showing meaningful autonomy (passive help or supervision only) compared to 107 of 292 evaluations (36.7%) at those levels for male residents (p = 0.02). Resident perceptions of autonomy showed even more pronounced differences with female residents receiving only 38 of 197 evaluations (19.3%) with meaningful autonomy compared to 133 of 399 evaluations (33.3%) for male residents (p < 0.001). Potential influencing factors explored included attending gender and specialty, case type and difficulty, and resident level of training. In multivariate analysis, only case difficultly, resident gender, and level of training were significantly related to autonomy granted to residents. Conclusions Evaluations of operative autonomy reveal a significant bias against female residents. Faculty education is needed to encourage allowing female residents more operative autonomy.
AB - Objective Discrimination against women training in medicine and surgery has been subjectively described for decades. This study objectively documents gender differences in the degree of autonomy given to thoracic surgery trainees in the operating room. Design Thoracic surgery residents and faculty underwent frame of reference training on the use of the 4-point Zwisch scale to measure operative autonomy. Residents and faculty then submitted evaluations of their perception of autonomy granted for individual operations as well as operative difficulty on a real-time basis using the “Zwisch Me!!” mobile application. Differences in autonomy given to male and female residents were elucidated using chi-square analysis and ordered logistic regression. Setting Seven academic medical centers with thoracic surgery training programs. Participants Volunteer thoracic surgery residents in both integrated and traditional training pathways and their affiliated cardiothoracic faculty. Results Residents (n = 33, female 18%) submitted a total of 596 evaluations to faculty (n = 48, female 12%). Faculty gave less autonomy to female residents with only 56 of 184 evaluations (30.3%) showing meaningful autonomy (passive help or supervision only) compared to 107 of 292 evaluations (36.7%) at those levels for male residents (p = 0.02). Resident perceptions of autonomy showed even more pronounced differences with female residents receiving only 38 of 197 evaluations (19.3%) with meaningful autonomy compared to 133 of 399 evaluations (33.3%) for male residents (p < 0.001). Potential influencing factors explored included attending gender and specialty, case type and difficulty, and resident level of training. In multivariate analysis, only case difficultly, resident gender, and level of training were significantly related to autonomy granted to residents. Conclusions Evaluations of operative autonomy reveal a significant bias against female residents. Faculty education is needed to encourage allowing female residents more operative autonomy.
KW - autonomy
KW - bias
KW - gender disparity
KW - surgical education
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.06.014
DO - 10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.06.014
M3 - Article
C2 - 28669788
AN - SCOPUS:85021332796
SN - 1931-7204
VL - 74
SP - e111-e118
JO - Journal of Surgical Education
JF - Journal of Surgical Education
IS - 6
ER -