The Effect of Noise on Initiation and Maintenance of Clear Speech and Associated Mental Demand

Background/Objectives: The objectives of this study were to explore (a) the influence of different types of background noise and their informational content on the ability of speakers to initiate and maintain clear speech (CS), a widely uti-lized technique for enhancing speech intelligibility, and (b) the impact of back-ground noise and CS usage on speakers’ mental demand. Method: Five adult females were asked to read sentences using both habitual and CS under four distinct noise conditions: Quiet, multitalker (MT) noise, reversed multitalker (RevMT) noise, and speech-shaped (SS) noise. Following this, speakers rated their perceived level of mental demand for each speaking condition using the modified NASA Task Load Index scale. A two-part listening experiment with 48 listeners was conducted to evaluate the speakers’ effective-ness in initiating and maintaining CS. Results: Speakers initiated CS more successfully in noise than in quiet, with better performance observed in the presence of RevMT noise as compared to SS noise. Regarding the maintenance of CS, none of the speakers were successful in a quiet environment. Furthermore, the ability to maintain CS was most adversely affected in MT noise, followed by RevMT noise and SS noise. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the effect of background noise on speech production is complex and multifaceted. The noise type affected speakers’ ability to initiate and maintain CS as well as the mental demand associated with the speech task. The results underscore the importance of considering the characteristics of background noise and cognitive aspects of speech production when training and evaluating speakers’ performance.