The muscle layer of the canine gallbladder and cystic duct

The muscle layer of the canine gallbladder wall and cystic duct was found to be a three-dimensional meshwork of smooth muscle bundles which appear loosely and irregularly arranged on the mucosal aspect and consolidate to form a homogeneous plate-like layer on the serosal aspect. The muscle bundles are tightly woven around interspersed pockets of loose connective tissue in the gallbladder wall and gradually become loosely arranged with more prominent amounts of intervening connective tissue in the cystic duct. The muscle layer is thickest in the gallbladder wall and becomes progressively thinner out into the cystic duct. No anatomic sphincter was observed. Ultrastructural organization revealed individual muscle fibers to be of irregular profile, often branching, widely spaced with intervening collagen fibers, and having few cell-to-cell contacts.