The soybean growth cycle: Important risks and management strategies

Optimal soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production requires accurate, stage-specific management practices to mitigate abiotic and biotic stressors. From emergence to full maturity, a soybean plant's physiological needs and vulnerabilities change as it transitions through its vegetative and reproductive cycles. This management guide details each growth stage, provides clear descriptions, and identifies the common risks encountered. For different growth stages, strategic management recommendations are presented, emphasizing proactive approaches to mitigate potential yield limitations. The objectives of this management guide are (a) to clearly define the distinct growth stages of the soybean plant and (b) to discuss common risks and provide research-based management recommendations applicable at each stage.