Pemoline and tetramisole 'positives' in english racehorses following levamisole administration

J. Gutierrez; R. L. Eisenberg; N. J. Koval; E. R. Armstrong; J. Tharappel; C. G. Hughes; T. Tobin

doi:10.1186/2046-0481-63-8-498

Pemoline and tetramisole 'positives' in english racehorses following levamisole administration

J. Gutierrez
, R. L. Eisenberg
, N. J. Koval
, E. R. Armstrong
, J. Tharappel
, C. G. Hughes
, T. Tobin

Producción científica: Review article › revisión exhaustiva

20 Citas (Scopus)

Resumen

Pemoline is a central nervous system stimulant that has been used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy in humans; its identification in horses could be considered evidence of attempts to influence performance. Two recent pemoline 'positives' in English racehorses led us to review the chemical relationships between tetramisole, levamisole, aminorex and pemoline. Pemoline is a simple oxidation product of aminorex, which has been shown in the United States and elsewhere to be an equine metabolite of levamisole. Based on the clear structural relationships between aminorex and pemoline, we conclude that levamisole can metabolise to pemoline in horses and that pemoline identifications in horses post levamisole administration are likely to be associated with levamisole administration. Levamisole should not be administered to horses about to compete because of its ability to metabolise to two central nervous system stimulants, aminorex and pemoline.

Idioma original	English
Páginas (desde-hasta)	498-500
Número de páginas	3
Publicación	Irish Veterinary Journal
Volumen	63
N.º	8
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-0481-63-8-498
Estado	Published - ago 2010

Nota bibliográfica

Funding Information:
Published as paper #382 from the Equine Pharmacology Therapeutics and Toxicology Program at the Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center and Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky. Published as Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Article # 10-14-023 with the approval of the Dean and Director, College of Agriculture and the Kentucky Agricultural Experimental Station. This work was made possible by research support from The National Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Association and the Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Canada; Charles Town, WV; Florida; Iowa; Kentucky; Louisiana; Michigan; Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario Canada, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tampa Bay Downs, Florida; Texas; Washington State; and West Virginia Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Associations.

Financiación

Published as paper #382 from the Equine Pharmacology Therapeutics and Toxicology Program at the Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center and Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky. Published as Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Article # 10-14-023 with the approval of the Dean and Director, College of Agriculture and the Kentucky Agricultural Experimental Station. This work was made possible by research support from The National Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Association and the Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Canada; Charles Town, WV; Florida; Iowa; Kentucky; Louisiana; Michigan; Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario Canada, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tampa Bay Downs, Florida; Texas; Washington State; and West Virginia Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Associations.

Financiadores
National Horsemen’s
West Virginia Horsemen’s

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Veterinary

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10.1186/2046-0481-63-8-498

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title = "Pemoline and tetramisole 'positives' in english racehorses following levamisole administration",

abstract = "Pemoline is a central nervous system stimulant that has been used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy in humans; its identification in horses could be considered evidence of attempts to influence performance. Two recent pemoline 'positives' in English racehorses led us to review the chemical relationships between tetramisole, levamisole, aminorex and pemoline. Pemoline is a simple oxidation product of aminorex, which has been shown in the United States and elsewhere to be an equine metabolite of levamisole. Based on the clear structural relationships between aminorex and pemoline, we conclude that levamisole can metabolise to pemoline in horses and that pemoline identifications in horses post levamisole administration are likely to be associated with levamisole administration. Levamisole should not be administered to horses about to compete because of its ability to metabolise to two central nervous system stimulants, aminorex and pemoline.",

keywords = "Aminorex, Drug 'positives', Horses, Levamisole, Metabolism, Pemoline, Tetramisole",

author = "J. Gutierrez and Eisenberg, \{R. L.\} and Koval, \{N. J.\} and Armstrong, \{E. R.\} and J. Tharappel and Hughes, \{C. G.\} and T. Tobin",

note = "Funding Information: Published as paper \#382 from the Equine Pharmacology Therapeutics and Toxicology Program at the Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center and Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky. Published as Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Article \# 10-14-023 with the approval of the Dean and Director, College of Agriculture and the Kentucky Agricultural Experimental Station. This work was made possible by research support from The National Horsemen{\textquoteright}s Benevolent and Protective Association and the Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Canada; Charles Town, WV; Florida; Iowa; Kentucky; Louisiana; Michigan; Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario Canada, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tampa Bay Downs, Florida; Texas; Washington State; and West Virginia Horsemen{\textquoteright}s Benevolent and Protective Associations.",

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language = "English",

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AU - Gutierrez, J.

AU - Eisenberg, R. L.

AU - Koval, N. J.

AU - Armstrong, E. R.

AU - Tharappel, J.

AU - Hughes, C. G.

AU - Tobin, T.

N1 - Funding Information: Published as paper #382 from the Equine Pharmacology Therapeutics and Toxicology Program at the Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center and Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky. Published as Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Article # 10-14-023 with the approval of the Dean and Director, College of Agriculture and the Kentucky Agricultural Experimental Station. This work was made possible by research support from The National Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Association and the Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Canada; Charles Town, WV; Florida; Iowa; Kentucky; Louisiana; Michigan; Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario Canada, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tampa Bay Downs, Florida; Texas; Washington State; and West Virginia Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Associations.

PY - 2010/8

Y1 - 2010/8

N2 - Pemoline is a central nervous system stimulant that has been used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy in humans; its identification in horses could be considered evidence of attempts to influence performance. Two recent pemoline 'positives' in English racehorses led us to review the chemical relationships between tetramisole, levamisole, aminorex and pemoline. Pemoline is a simple oxidation product of aminorex, which has been shown in the United States and elsewhere to be an equine metabolite of levamisole. Based on the clear structural relationships between aminorex and pemoline, we conclude that levamisole can metabolise to pemoline in horses and that pemoline identifications in horses post levamisole administration are likely to be associated with levamisole administration. Levamisole should not be administered to horses about to compete because of its ability to metabolise to two central nervous system stimulants, aminorex and pemoline.

AB - Pemoline is a central nervous system stimulant that has been used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy in humans; its identification in horses could be considered evidence of attempts to influence performance. Two recent pemoline 'positives' in English racehorses led us to review the chemical relationships between tetramisole, levamisole, aminorex and pemoline. Pemoline is a simple oxidation product of aminorex, which has been shown in the United States and elsewhere to be an equine metabolite of levamisole. Based on the clear structural relationships between aminorex and pemoline, we conclude that levamisole can metabolise to pemoline in horses and that pemoline identifications in horses post levamisole administration are likely to be associated with levamisole administration. Levamisole should not be administered to horses about to compete because of its ability to metabolise to two central nervous system stimulants, aminorex and pemoline.

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KW - Drug 'positives'

KW - Horses

KW - Levamisole

KW - Metabolism

KW - Pemoline

KW - Tetramisole

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VL - 63

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JO - Irish Veterinary Journal

JF - Irish Veterinary Journal

IS - 8

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Pemoline and tetramisole 'positives' in english racehorses following levamisole administration

Resumen

Nota bibliográfica

Financiación

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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